Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology

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26 OCTOBER 1989

58 NUMBER 2

The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History ), instituted in 1949,
is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology
(incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series.

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World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.)

© British Museum (Natural History), 1989

ISBN 0 565 06037 6 Entomology Series
ISSN 0524-6431 Vol 58, No. 2, pp. 131 —226

British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road
London SW7 5BD Issued 26 October 1989

Typeset by Computer Typesetting Services, Redhill, Surrey
Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, Dorchester, Dorset

Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 58(2): 131-183 Issued 26 October 1989

Ficus-feeding psyllids (Homoptera), with
special reference to the Homotomidae

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD

CONTENTS
Introduction 131
Material, methods and terminology 132
Moraceae-feeding psyllids 133
Homotomidae Heslop-Harrison 135
Key to genera 140
Dynopsyllinae Bekker-Migdisova 141
Diceraopsylla Crawford 142
Dynopsylla Crawford 143
Austrodynopsylla gen. n. 144
Triozamia Vondraéek 145
Afrodynopsylla gen. n. 146
Macrohomotominae White & Hodkinson 147
Mycopsylla Froggatt 148
Macrohomotoma Kuwayama 151
Pseudoeriopsylla Newstead 153
Homotominae Heslop-Harrison 156
Homotoma Guérin-Méneville 157
Synoza Enderlein 165
References 166
Index 181

Synopsis. The associations between Ficus and various groups of insects are briefly
discussed. That between Ficus and the Psylloidea, particularly the family Homotomidae,
is considered in more detail. It is concluded that, at the present level of our understanding
of the phylogeny of Ficus and that of agaonine wasps, drosophilid flies, nymphalid
butterflies and jumping plantlice, stepwise coevolution cannot be inferred in any of these
associations.

The systematics of the psyllid family Homotomidae is reviewed. The family is diagnosed
and considered as the sister-group of the Malvales-feeding family Carsidaridae. The 10
genera comprising the Homotomidae are diagnosed; a key is provided for their identifica-
tion and a cladogram is offered, based on an analysis of 35 characters. Full synonymy and
hostplant data, where known, are provided for the 72 nominal species recognised; where
practical, keys to species are given. Two new genera and 15 new species are described; two
family-group names, one genus-group name and one species-group name are

synonymised.

nae The Moraceae is a pantropical family of
INTRODUCTION dicotyledonous angiosperms containing more
than 1400 species in 53 genera. Most of the genera

‘The combination of botanical and ento- contain few species but the diverse genus Ficus
mological research has now put Ficus in includes more than half of the known moraceous

the front rank of evolutionary and phy- species. The family is most closely related to the
logenetic studies’ Urticaceae (Berg, 1977), and Thorne (1983) even

E. J. H. Corner (1985a) regarded it as a subgroup of the latter.

132

There appears to be a consensus of opinion that
the Moraceae is of Gondwanan origin. Raven &
Axelrod (1974: 592) considered the family old
enough for direct dispersal between Africa and
South America, and Gentry (1982: 569) classed it
as a Gondwanan element. However, there seems
to be considerable argument concerning the pal-
aeogeographical origin of the genus Ficus. Croizat
(1968) argued for an early evolution in Gond-
wana, while Corner (1985b) forcefully maintained
his long-held theory of a Laurasian ancestry for
the genus. Whatever the merits of these argu-
ments there is agreement that the present-day
Ficus, with its closed inflorescence or syconium,
arose from an ancestor with an open inflorescence
in the mid Cretaceous Period, about 100 million
years ago (Galil, 1977; Murray, 1985; Boucek,
1988).

The symbiotic association between Ficus (figs)
and their fig wasp pollinators (Agaoninae) is well-
documented (Wiebes, 1979; 1986 for reviews),
and Jermy (1984) suggested that this association
may be one of the very few true examples of
coevolution between plants and insects. Pollinat-
ing fig wasps are species-specific to their fig hosts
and there is a reasonable correlation between fig
wasp generic or species-group classification and
the subsections and series classification (Corner,
1965) of Ficus. In fact Ramirez (1977, 1980) sug-
gested modifications to Corner’s arrangement of
Ficus species, based on the specificity and mor-
phology of their pollinating wasps. Wiebes (1982)
further compared classifications of Agaoninae
and Ficus (from Ramirez, 1980) and concluded
that there is no correlation, at a higher level than
that noted above, between the two classifications.
Corner (1985a) reviewed the modifications sug-
gested by Ramirez and Wiebes but rejected them,
for the large part, in favour of his original
classification. Miller (1987) briefly reviewed the
case and considered that more rigorous clado-
grams were required for both groups of organisms
before stepwise coevolution could be inferred.

Hill (1967) listed a further 46 genera of non-
agaonine (i.e. non-pollinators sensu Boucek,
1988) fig wasps, known to be associated with fig
syconia, in other subfamilies of the Agaonidae
and the families Eurytomidae, Ormyridae,
Eulophidae and Pteromalidae. The roles played
by these wasps appear to be varied but have been
little studied. Some are phytophagous, others are
hyperparasites, and there is some degree of fig
specificity.

Lachaise et al. (1982) reported on the associ-
ation between fig syconia and two groups of
drosophilid flies, Lissocephala and _ the
Drosophila fima_ species-group, in Africa.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Lissocephala larvae develop during the floral
period of the syconium and each species of fig
studied harboured a particular combination of
Lissocephala species; different species of figs pos-
sibly having some Lissocephala species in com-
mon. Drosophila fima_ species-group larvae
develop in the postsexual phase of the syconium
and there appeared to be no fig species preference
in this group. Lachaise et al. (1982) postulated
that the speciation of Lissocephala was a by-pro-
duct of the coevolution of figs and their pollinating
wasps.

Apart from those insects associated with fig
syconia there are other groups of insects known to
feed on Ficus species. Two such groups worthy of
mention are the larvae of nymphalid butterflies,
and the jumping plantlice or Psylloidea (Homop-
tera). Ackery (1988 and pers. comm.) has
reviewed the hostplants of nymphalid larvae and
recognised some Moraceae-feeding ‘themes’:
Marpesiine larvae have specialised on Moraceae
genera, including Ficus; the Limenitine genus
Pseudoneptis feeds on Antiaris and Ficus; and the
genus Euploea (Danainae) shows a trend towards
Ficus-feeding but plants in the families Apo-
cynaceae, Rubiaceae, Ulmaceae, Flacourtiaceae,
and Convolvulaceae are also known hosts.

The Psylloidea (jumping plantlice) comprise a
group of small, phloem-feeding sternorrhynchous
bugs. Individual psyllid species show a high
degree of hostplant specificity, particularly during
the larval stages, and related species tend to
develop on related species or groups of
dicotyledonous angiosperms. Several groups of
psyllids are known to utilise moraceous hostplants
and one family in particular, the Homotomidae, is
almost exclusively Ficus-feeding.

The objectives of this paper are to review the
known data on Moraceae-feeding in the
Psylloidea; to postulate a phylogeny for the gen-
era of the family Homotomidae, for future com-
parison with a cladogram of the subgroups of
Ficus, should this ever be produced; and to review
the taxonomy of the species in the family.

MATERIAL, METHODS AND
TERMINOLOGY

Most of the material studied is deposited in the
British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH), with
supplementary specimens from the Bernice P.
Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); Muséum
d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (MHNG); Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN);

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Musée Royal de |l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren
(MRAC); Stanford University Natural History
Museum, California (SUNHM); and the National
Museum of Natural History, Washington
(USNM). Type material is deposited in BMNH;
BPBM; MHNG; MNHN; MRAC; SUNHM;
USNM; Australian National Insect Collection,
Canberra (ANIC); Beijing Agricultural Univer-
sity Insect Collection, China (BAUIC); Ento-
mological Institute, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo (EIHU); Forest Research Institute,
Dehra Dun, India (FRI); Institut ftir
Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde (IPE);
Instytut Zoologiczny, Polish Academy of Sci-
ences, Warsaw (IZPAN); National Chung Hsing
University, Taiwan (NCHU); National Collection
of Insects, Plant Protection Research Institute,
Pretoria (NCI); and the Zoological Survey of
India, Calcutta (ZSI).

All measurements are quoted in millimetres;
most were taken from slide-mounted material but
overall size was taken from the anterior margin of
the head to the tip of the forewing of dry-mounted
material in lateral view. Other reference points
from which measurements of various structures
were taken are given in Hollis (1976, 1984).

Apart from the head illustrations, all figures
were drawn from slide-mounted material. The
inner surface of the right paramere is shown.
Structural terminology follows Vondraéek (1957)
and Hollis (1984, 1987).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are grateful to the following
colleagues for providing loans and gifts of material:
Keith Arakaki and the late Wayne Gagné (BPBM);
Daniel Burckhardt (MHNG); J. Etienne, formerly of
Institut Sénégalaise Recherches Agricoles, Ziguinchor;
and Douglass Miller and Miss Louise Russell, United
States Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomo-
logy Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

MORACEAE-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Table 1 summarises the available data on psyllid
genera associated with moraceous hosts. The
genus Paurocephala has 25 species in the Old
World tropics, with free-living larvae. There is
one species on Artocarpus, one on Morus and
three on Ficus. Most of the other species live on
hosts in the Malvales (Tiliaceae, Malvaceae and
Sterculiaceae) but there are a few species on
Clusiaceae (Theales) and Connariaceae
(Rutales). The South American species are on
Melastomaceae but these are probably not con-

1133

generic with the Old World species. The genus is
most closely related to Haplaphalara and
Diclidophlebia which also have hosts in the
Malvales.

Phytolyma is an African genus of four species
(Hollis, 1973), three on Milicia and one on Morus.
The larvae are gall-forming on leaves and
petioles. Its relationships are not clear but White
& Hodkinson (1985) placed the genus as the sis-
ter-group of the rest of the Aphalarinae.

Anomoneura is a monobasic Asian Palaearctic
genus living on Morus; it may be related to the
legume-feeding genus Epipsylla (White &
Hodkinson, 1985).

The triozid genus Pauropsylla has 22 species in
the Old World tropics and subtropics and all con-
firmed hosts are Ficus spp. The larvae usually
form pit galls on the host leaves. Ceropsylla
fulvida is an Indian species recorded by Mathur
(1975) on Ficus microcarpa [as macrocarpa| and
F. rumphii. The species is not congeneric with
American Ceropsylla which are found on Ocotea
(Lauraceae) and Sideroxylon (Ebenaceae). Tri-
oza is a large and probably paraphyletic genus of
some 600 species (Hollis, 1984). Three species are
known to occur on Ficus species. T. buxtoni is a
Middle Eastern species on F. carica and the larvae
cause severe leaf distortion; T. ficicola is a South
African species on Ficus sp.; T. brevigena occurs
on Ficus sp. in N. India and its larvae cause leaf-
margin rolls.

The homotomid genus Triozamia is an interest-
ing example of the degree to which psyllids are
host specific (Hollis, 1984). The three known spe-
cies appear to maintain separate identities on the
three recognised African varieties of Antiaris toxi-
caria welwitschii (cf. Berg, 1978), 1.e. T. lamborni
on var. africana, T. vondraceki on var. welwitschii
and T. usambarensis on var. usambarensis.

Table 2 summarises the available data on
psyllids having Ficus spp. as hostplants. Using
Corner’s (1965) infrageneric arrangement of Ficus
some patterns can be discerned. Pauropsylla
occurs mainly on subgenus Sycomorus, with a few
species on section Sycidium of subgenus Ficus.
The original records of P. ficicola and P. globuli
on Ficus hookeriana (Kieffer, 1905; as F. hookeri)
are regarded as dubious; P. ficicola adults and
larvae have been collected recently from F.
auriculata in N. India (BMNH data).
Paurocephala species are restricted to subgenus
Ficus.

Homotomid species occur mainly on the stran-
gler and banyan subgenus Urostigma, with a few
species on subgenus Ficus and one genus, Dynop-
sylla, whose larvae are gall-forming, on F. nervosa
of subgenus Pharmacosycea. Of the groups that

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

134

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Pilg pjpydasoinvg Sn
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supyupy
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“RaployAsg Jo eiauas Aq syurjdjsoy se payiojdxa avaoe1oyy Jo e1oUDH | aquy

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

occur on subgenus Urostigma, the African genus
Pseudoeriopsylla is restricted to section
Galoglychia while its sister-group, the Oriental
genus Macrohomotoma, is on section Conosycea.
Mycopsylla is less restricted with the Australasian
species on section Malvanthera and the Indian
species recorded from sections Urostigma and
Conosycea. Homotoma species have an even
broader spectrum of Ficus hosts in sections
Urostigma, Conosycea and Galoglychia of sub-
genus Urostigma, and sections Ficus and Rhi-
zocladus of subgenus Ficus. The record of
Diceraopsylla on Ficus elastica (subgenus
Urostigma, section Stilpnophyllum) is doubtful
(see p. 142).

Corner’s infrageneric conspectus of Ficus is, to
some extent, based on plesiomorphies and does
not indicate phylogenetic relationships (Wiebes,
1979). Ramirez (1980: fig. 1) produced a ‘clado-
gram’ for Ficus, based on ‘fifty-four morphologi-
cal characters and a few physiological characters’.
Unfortunately, few of these characters were dis-
cussed and the resulting branching diagram can-
not be assessed critically. However, Table 3 shows
a slightly modified version of Ramirez’ cladogram
of Ficus sections, and the homotomid genera that
are associated with these sections. Clearly step-
wise coevolution cannot be inferred from these
data.

The cladogram of homotomid genera (Fig. 1) is
presented so that, when a more rigorous phy-
logeny of Ficus is produced and more reliable
hostplant data for the psyllids are gathered, the
case may be reconsidered.

HOMOTOMIDAE Heslop-Harrison

Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578; Log-
inova, 1964b: 54. Type genus: Homotoma
Guérin-Meéneville.

Homotominae Heslop-Harrison; Klimaszewski,
1964: 91; Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 101.

Homotomidae Heslop-Harrison; White &
Hodkinson, 1985: 272; Hollis, 1987: 90. Brown
& Hodkinson, 1988: 179.

Carsidarinae Crawford; Yang, 1984: 168, in part.

Diacnosis. A pair of strong tubercles present on
metapostnotum; ventral sense organs of hind
femur in basal position, proximal organ offset
from distal pair; C’ proctiger bipartite (not in Syn-
oza); © subgenital plate without laterodorsal
appendages; rs—m crossvein absent from
forewing.

135
Hostp.ants. Moraceae (Antiaris and Ficus).

Discussion. As diagnosed here the family con-
tains the following genera: Diceraopsylla, Dynop-
sylla, Austrodynopsylla, Triozamia, Afrodynop-
sylla, Mycopsylla, Macrohomotoma, Pseudo-
eriopsylla, Synoza and Homotoma. Diceraopsylla
is reassigned from the Aphalaridae, and Tri-
ozamia is transferred from the Triozidae.
Austrodynopsylla and Afrodynopsylla are
described as new below.

The group was erected by Heslop-Harrison as a
tribe of his polyphyletic subfamily Ciriacreminae,
to contain the genera Homotoma, Psausia,
Labobrachia, Metapsausia, Mycopsylla, Sphingo-
cladia, Synoza, Crawfordella and Dynopsylla. He
placed Macrohomotoma in the Phacopteronini
and Diceraopsylla in the Carsidarini. Of these
original genera Psausia was synonymised with
Homotoma by Kuwayama (1931); Labobrachia
and Metapsausia were inferred as synonyms of
Homotoma by Miyatake (1975); Sphingocladia
and Crawfordella have been, most recently, syn-
onymised with Dynopsylla by Crawford (1924)
and Yang (1984) respectively. Macrohomotoma
and Diceraopsylla were transferred to the Homo-
tominae by Bekker-Migdisova (1973) and
Diceraopsylla was erroneously transferred to the
Aphalaridae by Hollis (1984).

Loginova (1964b) and Klimaszewski (1964)
both noted the polyphyletic nature of Heslop-
Harrison’s Ciriacreminae and regarded homo-
tomids as a subgroup of the Carsidaridae, as did
Bekker-Migdisova (1973) but her concept of the
latter included several non-carsidarid groups
(White & Hodkinson, 1985; Hollis, 1987). White
& Hodkinson (1985) regarded homotomids as a
distinct family containing the genera Homotoma,
Synoza, Mycopsylla, Macrohomotoma,
Pseudoeriopsylla, and probably Dynopsylla and
Sphingocladia. They diagnosed the group on the
following ‘derived’ characters (White & Hodkin-
son, 1985: 239, clade 6).

1. Adult antenna with rhinaria absent from seg-
ments 3, 5 and 7.

2. Larva with dorsal surface of thorax with dis-
tinct sclerites.

3. Larva broader than long.

4. Antenna of larva short, narrowed evenly to
apex.

However, for a number of reasons this diag-
nosis is not valid. Character 1 does not occur in
many members of the Dynopsyllinae, but is a
widespread condition in the Psylloidea; character
2 is a primitive condition, occurring in other famil-
ies; character 3 does not occur in Synoza or in

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

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136

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187

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

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vaajdoyjdsd vjpydas0invg

(uemtey.) vsaidozow vjjksdounvg

(uojkap) vsaidoyjdsd vjvydasoinvg

vaaidoyksd vjpydas0invg

(sourddiiyq) vsazdozow

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vaaidoyjdsd vjpydasoinvg

vaaidoydsd vjoydasoinvg

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sisuaipyauod vjvydaso0invg ‘sisuauynm vuojowoy

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puaayvuuid ‘q ‘sipuvis ‘q ‘vinusoo vjjdsdoukq

pivsauva
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psowaovi
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se awios) smiowoods

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138

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Table 3. Relationships between subfamilies and genera of Homotomidae and Sections of Ficus (arranged according
to Ramirez, 1980) and other moraceous hosts.

Ficus sections

Urostigma
Leucogyne
Stilpnophyllum
Americana
Conosycea
Galoglychia
Malvanthera
Oreosycea
Pharmacosycea

Dynopsylla

Ficus
Sycomorus

(After Ramirez, 1980)

Ficus spp. (group unknown)
(1 sp.)

Antiaris toxicaria

Host unknown
(1 sp.)

several Homotoma species; character 4 does not
occur in Synoza and Macrohomotoma.

White & Hodkinson also proposed a sister-
group relationship between the Homotomidae
and the Phacopteronidae but this was opposed by
Hollis (1987) in favour of a sister-group pairing of
the Carsidaridae + Homotomidae. Hollis used
the following autapomorphies of the adults to
diagnose this group.

1. Presence of a pair of large tubercles on the
metapostnotum.

2. All three ventral sense organs of the hind
femur in a basal position, with the most
proximal organ offset from the distal pair.

The two families may be separated as follows:

1 Male subgenital plate with a pair of dorsolateral
appendages; male proctiger unipartite; non-trache-
ate rs—m crossvein present in forewing

Carsidaridae

— Male subgenital plate without dorsolateral append-
ages; male proctiger bipartite (except Synoza); rs—m
ChOSSVelnvabSeD tee eeeeeeee re Homotomidae

The supraspecific treatment of the family given
below is outlined in the following sequenced
classification and the phylogeny is summarised in
ene Il

? Diceraopsylla

Austrod ynopsylla

Afrodynospylla

Homotomidae

Homotominae

Mycopsylla Homotoma
Mycopsylla, Macrochomotoma Homotoma
Pseudoeriopsylla Homotoma
Mycopsylla

Homotoma

Homotoma (4 spp.)
Synoza (2. spp.)

Mycopsylla (1 sp.)
Macrochomotoma (6 spp.)
Pseuderiopsylla (3 spp.)

Mycopsylla (3 spp.)
Macrochotoma (3 spp.)

Homotoma (13 spp.)
Synoza (1 sp.)

Family Homotomidae
Subfamily Dynopsyllinae
Tribe Diceraopsyllini

Genus Diceraopsylla
Tribe Dynopsyllini
Subtribe Dynopsyllina
Genus Dynopsylla
Genus Austrodynopsylla
Subtribe Triozamiina
Genus Triozamia
Genus Afrodynopsylla
Subfamily Macrohomotominae
Tribe Edenini
Genus Mycopsylla
Tribe Macrohomotomini
Genus Macrohomotoma
Genus Pseudoeriopsylla
Subfamily Homotominae (sedis mutabilis)
Tribe Homotomini
Genus Homotoma
Tribe Synozini
Genus Synoza

(sedis mutabilis)

(sedis mutabilis)

The three subfamilies are placed sedis mutabilis
(sensu Wiley, 1981: 211) above, and as a trifurca-
tion in Fig. 1 because, although each can be inde-
pendently diagnosed, no pair can be diagnosed as
sister-groups.

139

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

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140

A major problem in the proposed phylogeny is
the position of the genus Synoza, as it does not
have a bipartite male proctiger, the one positive
gain character that diagnoses the Homotomidae
within the Homotomidae + Carsidaridae. An
alternative to the phylogeny proposed in Fig. 1 is
to place Synoza as the sister-group to the rest of
the Homotomidae. To do this one needs to postu-
late convergence of antennal and forewing charac-
ters in Homotomini and Synozini, a_ less
parsimonious hypothesis than postulating that the
unipartite male proctiger of Synoza is a reversal.

The characters from which Fig. 1 was derived
are as follows (primitive condition in parenthesis).
1. Pair of large tubercles present on meta-

postnotum (absent)

2. Ventral sense organs of hind femur in basal
position, with the most proximal organ offset
from distal pair (all three ventral sense
organs of hind femur in medial position)

3. Anterolateral tubercles of vertex present
(absent)

4. Vertex deeply divided by medial suture ante-
riorly (not deeply divided anteriorly)

5. Antennal flagellum thickened and densely
hirsute (narrow, filiform, sparsely haired)

6a. Rhinaria present on Ist flagellomere (rhi-
naria absent from 1st flagellomere)

6b. Rhinaria basal on Ist flagellomere (rhinaria
absent)

6c. Rhinaria apical on 1st flagellomere (rhinaria
absent)

6d. A group of rhinaria present apically on 1st
flagellomere (single rhinarium present)

7. A group of rhinaria present on 2nd
flagellomere (single rhinarium subapically
on 2nd flagellomere)

8. Rhinaria absent from 2nd flagellomere (sin-
gle rhinarium subapically on 2nd

flagellomere)
9. Antennal scape elongate (scape not
elongate)

10. Non-tracheate rs—m crossvein present in
forewing (rs—m crossvein absent)

11. Costal break absent (costal break present)

12. Modified pterostigma present (pterostigma
absent)

13. Pterostigma ovoid (pterostigma wedge-
shaped)

14. Radular areas narrow and defined (radular
areas diffuse)

15. Radular area absent from mp) (radular area
present in mm)

16. M+Cu stem absent or very short (M+Cu
present)

17. M+Cu completely fused with R+M+Cu
stem (M+ Cu separate)

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

18a. M stem, distal to branching with Cu stem, in
contact with or partly fused with Rs (M stem
entirely separate)

18b. Basal part of M stem in contact or fused with
Rs (M stem entirely separate)

19. M/,,,reaching wing margin anteriorly to apex
of wing (M,,, reaching wing margin posteri-
orly to apex of wing)

20. Cu stem absent or very short (Cu stem
present)

21. Custem much shorter than M+ Cu stem (Cu
stem about as long as M+Cu stem)

22. Cu of hindwing unbranched (Cu of hindwing
branched)

23. M-+Cu stem of hindwing indistinct or very
short (M+Cu stem of hindwing clearly
present)

24. Basal spine of hind tibia absent (present)

25a. Apical spurs of hind tibia grouped or few in
number (apical spurs forming an almost
complete ring)

25b. Outer apical spurs of hind tibia absent (a
single outer apical spur present)

26a. Hind basitarsus with a single apical spur
(hind basitarsus with 2 apical spurs)

26b. Hind basitarsus without apical spurs (single
apical spur present)

27. Abdomen with wax-producing cells present
on posterior tergites of adult (abdominal
wax-producing cells absent)

28. Male proctiger bipartite (male proctiger
unipartite)

29. Lateral lobes of male proctiger each with an
inner apical lobe (lateral lobes without inner
apical lobes)

30. Male subgenital plate with dorsolateral
appendages (dorsolateral appendages
absent)

31. Basal segment of aedeagus swollen apically
(not swollen)

32a. Apical segment of aedeagus subdivided (not
subdivided)

32b. Apical subdivision of apical segment of
aedeagus long, narrow (apical subdivision
short, swollen)

33. Apical subdivision of apical segment of
aedeagus with ventral spiniform processes
(spiniform processes absent)

34. Larva with anus and associated wax pores
dorsal (anus and wax pores ventral)

35. Larva with antennal flagellum not sub-
divided into flagellomeres (antennal
flagellum divided into flagellomeres)

Key to genera

1 Adult abdomen with groups of wax-producing cells
present laterally on posterior tergites (Fig. 46) .. 2

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Wax-producing cells absent from abdominal tergites
6

Costal break present in forewing, radular areas
diffuse (Fig. 47); hind tibia with a complete crown of
apical spurs (Fig. 45), hind basitarsus with 2 apical
spurs; rhinaria absent from Ist flagellomere; Cu of
hindwing branched (Fig. 48) (Diceraopsyllini)
DICERAOPSYLLA

Costal break absent, radular areas narrow and
defined (Figs 49, 51, 53, 55); hind tibia with apical
spurs arranged 0 (or 1) + 4-6 (Figs 43, 44), hind
basitarsus with 0 or | apical spur; rhinaria present
basally or apically on Ist flagellomere (Figs 27-29);
Cu of hindwing unbranched (Figs 50, 52, 54, 56)
Giermrcasyvilini) weyaty eters sees oe ke es ce eos weatecens 3,

Several rhinaria present at base of Ist flagellomere,
2nd flagellomere without rhinaria (Figs 28, 29);
M+Cu of forewing absent or very short, Cu stem
present (Figs 53, 55); branching of M and Cu of
hindwing proximal, indistinct (Figs 54, 56 ); basal
spine of hind tibia present, apical spurs of hind
basitarsus absent; apical segment of aedeagus sub-
divided (Figs 81, 83) (Triozamiina) ............ 4

One or more rhinaria present subapically on Ist
flagellomere (Fig. 27), rhinaria present subapically
on 2nd flagellomere; forewing with M+ Cu present,
Cu stem very short or absent (Figs 49, 51); hindwing
with distinct M+Cu stem (Figs 50, 52); hind tibia
without a basal spine, hind basitarsus with a single
apical spur; apical segment of aedeagus undivided
(ares. 79) (Dynopsyllina)) 5.0.5.6 .02 + ene 5

Anterolateral tubercles of vertex absent (Figs 8, 9);
antennal scape not elongate, as long as pedicel (Fig.
9); M+Cu absent from forewing (Fig. 53); lateral
lobes of C’ proctiger well-developed and with inner
apical lobes; apical part of apical segment of
aedeagus elongate, narrow (Fig. 81) . TRIOZAMIA

Anterolateral tubercles of vertex present (Figs 10,
11); antennal scape swollen and elongate, about
three times as long as pedicel (Fig. 11); forewing with
short M+Cu present (Fig. 55); lateral lobes of CO’
proctiger poorly developed and without inner apical
lobes; apical part of apical segment of aedeagus
short, swollen (Fig. 83) ..... AFRODYNOPSYLLA

Vertex deeply divided by median suture, ante-
rolateral tubercles present (Figs 4, 5); antennal scape
elongate, at least twice as long as pedicel (Fig. 5),
single rhinarium present subapically on 2nd
flagellomere; forewing with M stem in contact with
or partly fused with Rs (Fig. 49) .. DYNOPSYLLA

Vertex shallowly divided by median suture, ante-
rolateral tubercles absent (Figs 6, 7); antennal scape
slightly longer than pedicel (Fig. 7); a group of rhi-
Naria present subapically on Ist and 2nd
flagellomeres (Fig. 27); forewing with M stem
entirely separate from Rs (Fig. 51)
AUSTRODYNOPSYLLA

141

6 Pterostigma present in forewing, costal break absent
(Figs 57-62); antennal flagellum not thickened and
densely setose (Macrohomotominae) .......... i

— Pterostigma absent, costal break present or its pos-
ition indicated by weakening of sclerotisation of
C+Sc (Figs 63-74); antennal flagellum thickened
and densely setose (Figs 38-40) (Homotominae) 9

7 Pterostigma of forewing elongate, wedge-shaped,
M,,2straight, reaching wing margin anterior to wing
apex (Figs 57-59); basal segment of aedeagus
swollen in apical half (Figs 84, 85) (Edenini)

MYCOPSYLLA

— Pterostigma short, ovoid, M,,, curved and reaching
wing margin posterior to wing apex (Figs 60-62);
basal segment of aedeagus not swollen in apical half
(Mactobomotomimi)\. 2 areertimens och e acionkacs «2% 8

8 Forewing with Cu stem about as long as M+ Cu stem
(Fig. 60); basal spine of hind tibia absent. In larva
anus and circumanal pore field ventral (Fig. 108);
antennal flagellum clearly divided into flagellomeres

MACROHOMOTOMA

— Cu stem much shorter than M+Cu stem (Figs 61,
62); basal spine of hind tibia present. In larva anus
and associated pore field apicodorsal (Figs 109-112);
antennal flagellum not clearly divided into
HAPEOMERCS erie ees poe PSEUDOERIOPSYLLA

9 © proctiger unipartite but with well-developed lat-
eral lobes (Fig. 105); forewing with M+Cu stem
absent (completely fused with R+M+Cu), radular
area absent from cell m, (Fig. 74); hind tibia with an
almost complete ring of apical spurs; apical lobes of
aedeagus each with a ventral, spiniform process (Fig.
HOS) i GS yMOzinii)r nts Serle sees he Hart oisye SYNOZA

— © proctiger bipartite (Figs 99, 101-103), M+Cu
stem present but sometimes immediately adjacent to
R+M-+Cu stem, radular area present in cell m, (Figs
63-73); hind tibia with only part of apical ring thick-
ened: apical lobes of aedeagus simple (Figs 99, 101—
103) ((EfomOtomiinl) sys are HOMOTOMA

DYNOPSYLLINAE Bekker-Migdisova

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part. Type genus: Dynopsylla Crawford.
Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578, in part.

Diagnosed by the presence of groups of wax-pro-
ducing cells laterally on the posterior abdominal
tergites.

The subfamily is divided into two tribes: the
Diceraopsyllini, containing Diceraopsylla, and
the Dynopsyllini. The latter consists of two sister-
groups: the Oriental genera Dynopsylla and
Austrodynopsylla comprising the subtribe Dynop-
syllina; and the African genera Triozamia and
Afrodynopsylla comprising the subtribe Trioza-
miina. Hostplants of the group are more diverse

142

than those of other subfamilies and indicate no
clear patterns; Triozamia species live on recog-
nised varieties of the African subspecies of Anti-
aris toxicaria, Dynopsylla species form galls on
species of Ficus (Pharmacosycea) sect. Oreo-
sycea, Austrodynopsylla is recorded from Ficus
sp., and Diceraopsylla possibly feeds on Ficus
(Urostigma) sect. Stilpnophyllum.

DICERAOPSYLLINI trib. n.

This tribe displays the ground-plan features of the
Dynopsyllinae and is diagnosed on the suite of
primitive characters given in key couplet 2 (p.
141). Only one species is known.

Type genus: Diceraopsylla Crawford, here
designated.

DICERAOPSYLLA Crawford

Diceraopsylla Crawford, 1912: 425; Ramakrishna
Ayyar, 1924: 622; Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578;
Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102; Mathur, 1975:
130; White & Hodkinson, 1985: 274; Hodkin-
son, 1986: 308; Hollis, 1987: 89. Type species:
D. brunettii Crawford, by original designation
and monotypy.

Diceraeopsylla Hollis, 1984: 28. [Misspelling. ]

DescripTIoN. Medium-sized psyllids, 4.5 mm
long. Integument of head and thorax sparsely cov-
ered with very short setae. Head (Figs 2, 3), from
above, narrower than mesoscutum; disc of vertex
weakly concave, with clearly defined foveae and
rounded margins, lateral ocelli on raised tuber-
cles, median ocellus visible from above, ante-
rolateral tubercles absent, antennal sockets not
enlarged and head not of cleft appearance; anten-
nal scape not enlarged or elongate, flagellum fil-
iform, 2.4 times longer than head width, with a
single subapical rhinarium on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6
and 7; genae slightly swollen ventrally; ultimate
rostral segment short, less than 3 times longer
than wide.

Thorax, in profile, weakly arched, pronotum
narrowly visible from above. Forewing (Fig. 47)
obovate with rounded apex, 2.3 times longer than
wide; veins bearing short, sparse setae; C+ Sc
hardly thickened, costal break present, apex of
M/_,2 reaching wing margin anterior to apex of
wing, M+Cu as long as Cu stem, m, cell value 1.3,
Cuj, strongly arched, cu, cell value 2.5, apex of
claval suture adjacent to apex of Cu,,, radular
areas diffuse and hardly distinguishable from nor-
mal wing spinules. Hindwing (Fig. 48) with

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

M-+Cu stem present and Cu branched, anal lobe
not expanded, costal setae grouped. Basal spine
of hind tibia absent, apical spurs forming an
almost complete ring (Fig. 45); hind basitarsus
with 2 apical spurs.

© proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes weakly
developed and without inner apical lobes;
aedeagus 2-segmented, apical part of basal seg-
ment weakly expanded (Fig. 75).

? terminalia simple, conical; anus with a simple
double ring of wax pores.

Larva unknown.

HostTpLant. Possibly Ficus (Urostigma) sect.
Stilpnophyllum. This is based on a record in
BMNH archives of Diceraopsylla sp. on ‘rubber’,
Malaya, Malacca; no corresponding specimen is
present in the collection.

ComMENTS. Heslop-Harrison placed this genus in
the Carsidarini of his polyphyletic Ciriacreminae
but Bekker-Migdisova (1973) recognised
Diceraopsylla as a homotomid and placed it in the
Dynopsyllini. Hollis (1984) erroneously trans-
ferred the genus to the Aphalaridae.

One species is recognised here.

Diceraopsylla brunettii Crawford

(Figs 2, 3, 45-48, 75)

Diceraopsylla_ brunettii Crawford, 1912: 425;
Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924: 622; Mathur, 1975:
131; Hodkinson, 1986: 308. Holotype ©,
INDIA ‘Darjeeling’ (ZSI) [? lost].

Pauropsylla stevensi Laing, 1930: 168; Loginova,
1972: 839; Mathur, 1975: 109. Holotype Q,
INDIA ‘Darjeeling’ (BMNH) [examined]. Syn.
n.

Diceraeopsylla stevensi (Laing) Hollis, 1984: 28.
[Misspelling. ]

Diceraopsylla stevensi (Laing); Hodkinson, 1986:
308.

HostTpant. Possibly Ficus elastica (from BMNH
records).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India (W. Bengal).

MATERIAL EXAMINED

India: 1 9, Darjeeling (holotype of Pauropsylla
stevensi Laing). Burma: 2 0, 1 9, Kambaiti
(BMNH).

ComMENTS. The subjective synonymy proposed
above is based on an examination of the available
material and a comparison of the original descrip-
tions. According to Mathur (1975), Crawford’s
holotype of Diceraopsylla brunettii is missing from
ZSI collections.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

DYNOPSYLLINI Bekker-Migdisova

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part.

Diacnosis. Rhinaria present basally or apically on
1st flagellomere; in forewing costal break absent,
radular areas narrow and defined, venation modi-
fied with either M+ Cu stem or Cu stem reduced
or absent; Cu stem of hindwing unbranched; api-
cal spurs of hind tibia arranged 0 or 1 + 4-6; hind
basitarsus with 0 or 1 apical spur.

Four genera are recognised here in two sub-
tribes, the Oriental Dynopsyllina, and the
Afrotropical Triozamiina.

DYNOPSYLLINA Bekker-Migdisova

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part.

DiaGnosis. Rhinaria present subapically on Ist
and 2nd flagellomeres; forewing with M+ Cu pre-
sent and Cu stem very reduced or absent, M,,>
reaching wing margin anterior to wing apex; hind-
wing with distinct M+ Cu stem; hind tibia without
basal spine, apical spurs arranged 1 + 4, hind
basitarsus with 1 apical spur; apical segment of
aedeagus undivided.

Comments. This subtribe contains two genera,
Dynopsylla and Austrodynopsylla, species of
which have an Oriental and Melanesian
distribution.

DYNOPSYLLA Crawford

Dynopsylla Crawford, 1913: 295; 1924: 618;
Enderlein, 1921: 119; 1926: 399; Kuwayama,
1931: 122; Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578; 1960:
240; Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102; Mathur,
1975: 132; Hodkinson, 1983: 346; 1986: 308;
White & Hodkinson, 1985: 274. Type species:
Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford, by original des-
ignation and monotypy.

Sphingocladia Enderlein, 1914: 231; 1918: 482;
1926: 399; Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578; Bek-
ker-Migdisova, 1973: 102; White & Hodkinson,
1985: 274. Type species: Sphingocladia pin-
nativena Enderlein, by original designation and
monotypy. [Synonymised by Enderlein, 1921:
119; resynonymised by Crawford, 1924: 619;
Mathur, 1975: 132.]

Crawfordella Enderlein, 1926: 398; Heslop-Harri-
son, 1958: 578; Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102;
Hodkinson & White, 1981: 496. Type species:

143

Dynopsylla grandis Crawford, by original des-
ignation and monotypy. [Synonymised by
Mathur, 1975: 132; resynonymised by Yang,
1984: 175.]

Dynopsilla Crawford; Enderlein,
[Misspelling. ].

eis iis

DescriPTION. Large psyllids, up to 7.5 mm long.
Integument of head and thorax with a moderately
dense covering of long setae. Head (Figs 4, 5),
from above, narrower than mesoscutum; disc of
vertex concave and deeply divided by median
suture, foveae moderately defined, frontal margin
rounded and deeply incised by median suture,
lateral margins rounded, occipital margin obtu-
seangular, lateral ocelli on raised tubercles,
median ocellus visible from above, anterolateral
tubercles strongly developed, antennal sockets
enlarged giving head a cleft appearance; antennal
scape enlarged and elongate, at least twice as long
as pedicel, flagellum elongate filiform, with a sin-
gle subapical rhinarium on flagellomeres 1, 2, 4, 6
and 7; ultimate rostral segment 2.5-5.0 times
longer than wide.

Thorax, in profile, strongly arched (Fig. 41),
pronotum narrowly visible from above. Forewing
(Fig. 49) ovate, with acute apex, about 2.4 times
longer than wide; veins bearing long setae, C+Sc
thickened, costal break absent, apex of M/,,>
reaching margin anterior to apex of wing, M+ Cu
long, Cu stem short or absent, 7, cell value about
1.0, cu, cell value about 1.0, apex of claval suture
distant from apex of Cu,,, radular areas clearly
defined; hindwing (Fig. 50) broad, M+Cu stem
present, Cu unbranched, anal lobe not enlarged.
Basal spine of hind tibia absent, apical spurs
arranged | + 4; hind basitarsus with | apical spur.

CO proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes developed
but without inner lobes; aedeagus 2-segmented
(Fig. 77), basal segment not expanded.

Q genital segment conical, anal pore ring
convoluted.

Larva. 5th instar larva of D. pinnativena
described by Yang (1984).

HostTpLants. Ficus (Pharmacosycea) sect. Oreo-
sycea; larvae are gall-forming.

Comments. The three species known in this genus
all occur on Ficus nervosa. They may be separated
using the following key:

1 Custem absent; M stem contiguous with basal part of
Cu,, and medial part of Rs (see Crawford, 1924: 620,
fig. 3); antennal pedicel with large ventral lobe

grandis

— Short Cu stem present; M stem contiguous with
medial part of Cu,, and medial part of Rs (Fig. 49);
antennal pedicel without ventral lobe .......... 2

144

2 Antennal scape twice as long as pedicel, flagellum
less than 4 times longer than hind tibia; ultimate
rostral segment 2.5 times longer than wide

pinnativena

— Antennal scape 3 times longer than pedicel,
flagellum 6 times longer than hind tibia; ultimate
rostral segment 5 times longer than wide . cornuta

Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford

(Figs 4, 5, 41)

Dynopsylla cornuta Crawford, 1913: 295; 1924:
619; 19256: 62; Enderlein, 1926: 399; Tak-
ahashi, 1936: 293; Heslop-Harrison, 1960: 241;
Miyatake, 1971: 58; Mathur, 1973: 71; 1975:
133; Hodkinson, 1983: 346. Syntypes, 20°, 19,
PHILIPPINES (USNM) [examined].

HostTeLant. Ficus nervosa; Crawford (1924)
stated that the species is gall-forming but did not
describe the gall.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Philippines (Luzon and
Palawan).

MATERIAL EXAMINED

East Malayasia: 1 ©’, Sarawak. Indonesia: 1 Q,
Sulawesi Utara (BMNH); 1 9, Sumatra
(MNHN). Philippines: 3 o', 2 9, Los Banos
(USNM).

Dynopsylla grandis Crawford

‘Undetermined species [psyllid]’ Ramakrishna
Ayyar, 1920: 1030.

Dynopsylla grandis Crawford, 1924: 619; 1925b:
62; Takahashi, 1936: 293; Costa Lima, 1942:
103; Mathur, 1973: 70; 1975: 134; Hodkinson,
1986: 308. Syntypes, 3 2, INDIA (Kerala),
Ficus nervosa, (USNM) [examined].

Dinopsylla grandis Crawford; Mani, 1973: 283,
[286, probable misidentification]. [Mis-
spelling. |

Crawfordella grandis (Crawford) Enderlein,
1926: 398; Hodkinson & White, 1981: 496.

HostTpLant. Ficus nervosa; Ramakrishna Ayyar
(1920) records this species as forming midrib galls
on the upper leaf surface.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India (Kerala). The four
specimens Crawford (19255) records from Brazil
are regarded as bearing incorrect data.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: 3 2 (syntypes, USNM).

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD
Dynopsylla pinnativena (Enderlein)
(Figs 49, 50, 77)

Sphingocladia pinnativena Enderlein, 1914: 231;
1918: 482; 1926: 399; Mathur, 1973: 71. Holo-
type O', ‘FORMOSA’ (IPE) [not examined].

Dynopsylla (Sphingocladia) pinnativena
(Enderlein) Kuwayama, 1922: 368.

Dynopsylla pinnativena (Enderlein) Crawford,
1924: 619; 1925b: 62; Kuwayama, 1931: 122;
Takahashi, 1936: 293; Miyataki, 1965b: 226;
Mathur, 1975: 133 Hodkinson, 1983: 346; 1986;
308; Yang, 1984: 175.

HostpLant. Ficus nervosa; Takahashi (1936)
records this species forming leaf-margin rolls.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Vietnam: | Oh (MNHN).

AUSTRODYNOPSYLLA gen. n.

Type species: Austrodynopsylla encala sp. n.,
here designated.

DEscriPTION. Large psyllids, up to 5.5 mm long.
Integument of head and thorax with a moderately
dense covering of long setae. Head (Figs 6, 7),
from above, narrower than mesoscutum; disc of
vertex weakly concave with defined foveae, shal-
lowly divided by median suture, anterior and lat-
eral margins rounded, occipital margin
obtuseangular, lateral ocelli on raised tubercles,
median ocellus visible from above, anterolateral
tubercles absent. Antennal sockets not enlarged
and head without cleft appearance; scape not
enlarged or elongated; flagellum filiform, 2.4
times longer than head width, with a group of
apical rhinaria on flagellomeres 1, 2 and 4, two
rhinaria on flagellomere 6 and a double rhinarium
on 7; ultimate rostral segment about 3 times
longer than wide.

Thorax, in profile, moderately arched, pro-
notum narrowly visible from above. Forewing
(Fig. 51) obovate with rounded apex, about 2.3
times longer than wide, veins bearing long setae.
apex of M_,, reaching margin anterior to wing
apex, M+Cu stem present, Cu stem virtually
absent, m, cell value about 1.0, cu, cell value
about 1.25, apex of claval suture distant from apex
of Cu;,, radular areas clearly defined. Hindwing
(Fig. 52) broad, M+Cu stem present, Cu
unbranched. Basal spine of hind tibia absent, api-
cal spurs of hind tibia arranged 1 + 4 (Fig. 43),
hind basitarsus with a single apical spur.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

CO proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes developed
and expanded dorsally, without inner lobes api-
cally; aedeagus 2-segmented, basal segment not
expanded.

@ terminalia conical, anal pore convoluted.

Larva unknown.

HostTPLant. Ficus sp.

ComMENTS. This genus is regarded as the sister-
group of Dynopsylla; it differs in head and anten-
nal structure (Figs 4-7, 27) and forewing venation
(Figs 49, 51).

Austrodynopsylla encala sp. n.

(Figs 6, 7, 27, 43, 51, 52, 78, 79)

Description. Additional to generic characters
above. Antennal flagellum 2.35—2.40 times longer
than head width; 1st flagellomere with a group of
4-5 rhinaria apically and a subapical rhinarium,
2nd with 34 apical rhinaria (Fig. 27), 3rd without
rhinaria, 4th with 3 apical rhinaria, 5th without
rhinaria, 6th with 2 apical rhinaria, 7th with a
double apical rhinarium, 8th with one short
pointed seta and one very short truncated seta
apically.

Forewing (Fig. 51) hyaline, with small brown
patches along R+M+Cu, at fork of M+ Cu and at
apex of Cu,,; 2.13—2.34 times longer than wide,
M+Cu stem as long as R stem, Rs short and
curved towards M stem, branches of M of equal
length; hindwing (Fig. 52) about 0.5 times as long
as forewing, with irregularly grouped costal setae;
apex of hind tibia as in Fig. 43.

CO paramere (Fig. 78) lamellar, rounded api-
cally and with a posteroapical tubercle; apical seg-
ment of aedeagus (Fig. 79) simple, end-tube of
ductus ejaculatorius elongate.

Q terminalia conical, apices of proctiger and
subgenital plate acute, valvulae without
serrations.

Measurements (1 0’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, O 0.95, 2 0.80; length of antennal
flagellum, ©” 2.28, 2 1.88; length of ultimate ros-
tral segment, O 0.19; length of forewing, CO’ 3.85,
© 4.55; length of hind tibia, O’ 0.98, 2, 0.80. (
measurements taken from dry specimen.)

Hostpiant. Adult (1 2) taken from Ficus sp.
Holotype OC’, New Caledonia: Mt Koghi, 400-
600 m, 11.1973 (Krauss) (BPBM); slide- mounted.
Paratype. New Caledonia: 1 9, Ile des Pins, 7
km N. Kuto, 3-100 m, 16.viii.1979, on Ficus sp.
(Gagné) (BMNH); dry mounted.

145
TRIOZAMIINA Bekker-Migdisova

Triozamiini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 115. Type
genus: Triozamia Vondracek.

Triozamini Bekker-Migdisova; Hollis, 1984: 9.
[Misspelling. |

Triozamiinae Bekker-Migdisova;
Hodkinson, 1985: 273.

DiaGnosis. Several rhinaria present at base or all
over surface of Ist flagellomere, 2nd flagellomere
without rhinaria; M+Cu stem absent or very
short, apex of M,,, reaching wing margin pos-
terior to wing apex, Cu stem present; hindwing
with M+Cu stem absent or indistinct; basal spine
of hind tibia present, apical spurs arranged 0 +
4-7; apical spurs of hind basitarsus absent;
aedeagus 3-segmented.

White &

ComMENTS. This is the sister-group of Dynop-
syllina; it contains two Afrotropical genera, Tri-
ozamia and Afrodynopsylla.

TRIOZAMIA Vondracek

Triozamia Vondraéek, 1963: 266; Bekker-Mig-
disova, 1973: 114; Hollis, 1984: 22; White &
Hodkinson, 1985: 240. Type species: Rhinop-
sylla lamborni Newstead, by original designa-
tion and monotypy.

DEscriPTION. Robust psyllids, up to 5.5 mm long,
somewhat dorsoventrally flattened. Integument
of head and thorax densely covered with short
setae. Head (Figs 8, 9), from above, slightly nar-
rower than mesoscutum; disc of vertex concave,
shallowly divided by median suture, foveae dis-
tinct, frontal margin rounded and not deeply div-
ided by median suture, lateral and occipital
margins angular, lateral ocelli not on raised tuber-
cles, median ocellus not visible in dorsal view,
anterolateral tubercles absent, genae slightly
enlarged ventrally and each with a small tubercle
below the antennal socket; antennal scape not
enlarged or elongate, flagellum filiform, about
twice as long as head width, 1st flagellomere bear-
ing several rhinaria, 2nd without rhinaria (Fig.
28), a single subapical rhinarium present on
flagellomeres 4, 6 and 7; ultimate rostral segment
elongate, 4.2—-6.0 times longer than wide.
Thorax, in profile, weakly arched; pronotum
wide, clearly visible from above; forewing (Fig.
53) elongate ovate with subangular apex, about
2.75 times longer than wide, veins bearing short
setae, C+ Sc thickened, costal break absent, apex
of M,,. reaching wing margin at apex of wing,
M+Cu absent, Cu stem present, m, cell value

146

about 4.5, cu; cell value about 0.5, apex of claval
suture adjacent to apex of Cu,,, radular areas
clearly defined; hindwing (Fig. 54) narrow,
M-+Cu stem not clearly defined, Cu unbranched.
Hind tibia with a basal spine, apical spurs
arranged 0 + 6-7 (Fig. 44), hind basitarsus with-
out apical spurs.

CO proctiger bipartite, with well-developed lat-
eral lobes that bear inner apical lobes; aedeagus
3-segmented, apical segment elongate (Fig. 81).

Q terminalia elongate, conical; anal pore ring
convoluted.

Larva. 5th instar larva of T. lamborni described
by Hollis (1984).

HostTpLant. Antiaris toxicaria welwitchii.

Comments. Hollis (1984) retained Triozamia in
the Triozidae on the basis of the trifurcation of
R+M-+Cu and the absence of a costal break and
pterostigma in the forewing, but was doubtful of
its position within that family. White & Hodkin-
son (1985) placed the genus as the sister-group of
the rest of the Triozidae minus Neolithus. Given
the present diagnosis of the Homotomidae, Tri-
ozamia is more naturally placed here, and the
presence of wax-producing cells on the posterior
tergites of the adult abdomen indicate its relation-
ship with other members of the Dynopsyllinae.
The presence of several rhinaria on the Ist
flagellomere and their absence from the 2nd
flagellomere, the reduced M+ Cu stem of the fore-
wing, the proximal branching of M+Cu in the
hindwing, the absence of apical spurs on the hind
basitarsus, and the 3-segmented aedeagus suggest
a sister-group relationship with Afrodynopsylla.
The two genera may be separated using couplet 4
of the key (p. 141).

Three species are included, fully treated by
Hollis (1984).

Triozamia lamborni (Newstead)
(Figs 8, 9, 28, 44, 53, 54, 80, 81)

Rhinopsylla lamborni Newstead, 1914: 520;
Eastop, 1961: 168. Holotype 0’, NIGERIA
[not traced].

Triozamia lamborni (Newstead) Vondracek,
1963: 266, in part; Akanbi, 1981: 113; Hollis,
1984: 23.

Triozamia lambourni (Newstead); Roberts, 1969:
78. [Misspelling. |

HOstpPLaNtT. Antiaris toxicaria welwitchii var.
africana.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Senegal, Ivory Coast,
Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire and Tanzania.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Adults and larvae from Senegal, Guinea, Ivory
Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire and Tanzania
(BMNH).

Triozamia usambarensis Hollis

Triozamia usambarensis Hollis, 1984: 24. Holo-
type &', TANZANIA (BMNH) [examined].

HOSTPLANT. Antiaris toxicaria welwitchii var.
usambarensis.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Tanzania.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Tanzania (type series, BMNH).

Triozamia vondraceki Hollis

[Triozamia lamborni (Newstead); Vondraéek,
1963: 268, in part. Misidentification. |

Triozamia vondraceki Hollis, 1984: 24. Holotype
oO, UGANDA (BMNH) [examined].

HostTPLant. Antiaris toxicaria welwitchii [? var.
welwitchii].

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Uganda, Central

African Republic.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Uganda, Central African Republic (type series,
BMNH).

AFRODYNOPSYLLA gen. n.

Type species: Afrodynopsylla gigantea sp. n., here
designated.

DescripTIon. Large psyllids, up to 8.0 mm. Integ-
ument of head and thorax densely clothed with
moderately long setae and with groups of very
long setae (Figs 10, 11, 42). Head (Figs 10, 11),
from above, narrower than mesoscutum; disc of
vertex concave, with clearly defined foveae,
frontal margin rounded, lateral margins angular,
occipital margin sharply defined, lateral ocelli on
raised tubercles, median ocellus visible from
above, anterolateral tubercles well-developed;
antennal sockets enlarged, giving head cleft
appearance, scape enlarged and elongate, pedicel
thickened; flagellum filiform, about 2.5 times
longer than head width, Ist flagellomere with
basal swelling that bears a group of rhinaria (Fig.
29), rhinaria absent from 2nd flagellomere, a sin-
gle rhinarium present subapically on
flagellomeres 4, 6 and 7; ultimate rostral segment
elongate.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Thorax, in profile (Fig. 42), strongly arched,
pronotum broad and clearly visible from above;
forewing (Fig. 55) ovate, with subacute apex,
about 2.2 times longer than wide, veins bearing
sparse short setae, C+Sc strongly thickened, cos-
tal break absent, apex of M,,, reaching wing mar-
gin posterior to wing apex, M+Cu stem very
short, m, cell value about 2.4, cu, cell value about
1.2, apex of claval suture adjacent to apex of Cuj,,
radular spines in small but clearly defined groups;
hindwing (Fig. 56) with M+Cu stem absent, Cu
unbranched, anal lobe expanded; hind tibia with a
basal spine, apical spurs arranged 0 + 4.

CO proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes well-
developed but without inner apical lobes;
aedeagus 3-segmented.

Q terminalia conical, anus with a simple, dou-
ble ring of wax-producing cells.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Afrodynopsylla gigantea sp. n.
(Figs 10, 11, 29, 42, 55, 56, 82, 83)

DescrireTIon. Antennal flagellum 2.0-2.5 times
longer than head width; Ist flagellomere with a
basal swelling bearing a group of 15-20 rhinaria
mainly on ventral surface (Fig. 29), 8th
flagellomere with a long pointed seta and a short
truncated seta apically; ultimate rostral segment
4.5 times longer than wide.

Dorsum of thorax with tufts of long setae (Fig.
42); forewing (Fig. 55) 2.15-2.35 times longer
than wide, membrane hyaline, C+Sc consider-
ably thickened, Rs straight; hindwing (Fig. 56)
about half as long as forewing; hind tibia with a
well-developed basal spine; hind basitarsus much
longer than apical tarsal segment.

CO paramere as in Fig. 82; aedeagus 3-seg-
mented (Fig. 83), apical segment short and
strongly swollen apically.

@ terminalia short, conical in profile; apices of
proctiger and subgenital plate acute; apices of
valvulae not serrate.

Measurements (2 oO’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, CO 1.02-1.14, 9 1.14; length of antennal
flagellum, CO 2.58-2.68, 2 2.21; length of ultimate
rostral segment, O” 0.42-0.44, 9 0.42; length of
forewing, © 5.16-5.43, 2 5.69; length of hind
tibia, Cand 9, 1.14.

Holotype oO, Angola: Salazar, I.I.A.A.,
9-15.ii1.1972, at light (Hollis) (BMNH); dry-
mounted.

Paratypes. Angola: 1 2, same data as holotype.
Central African Republic: 3 0, 2 2, Lobaye
Mbaik, rte Mbale, 12.ii.1969, light trap in forest

147

zone (Boulard). Nigeria: 1 Q, Ile-Ife, 11.i1.1971
(Medler). (BMNH; MNHN); dry- and slide-
mounted.

MACROHOMOTOMINAE White &
Hodkinson

Macrohomotominae White & Hodkinson, 1985:
272. Type genus: Macrohomotoma Kuwayama.

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part.

Phacopteronini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578, in
part.

Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578, in part.

Diagnosed by the presence of a pterostigma and

the absence of a costal break in the forewing.

White & Hodkinson (1985) defined the Mac-

rohomotominae (as clade 34, fig. 188) on the fol-
lowing characters.

1. Male proctiger expanded posteriorly to form
caudal lobes.

2. Circum-anal ring [of wax-producing cells] of
larva constricted on either side of anus, or
broken into three groups.

3. Body margin of larva without sectasetae or
derivable structures.

4. Dorsal surface of larva without sectasetae or
derivable structures.

The first character is diagnostic for the Homo-
tomidae and is of no value below this level. The
second character is not useful as it occurs also in
the Homotominae. The third character is not valid
as marginal sectasetae do occur in larvae of
Mycopsylla, Macrohomotoma and Pseudoeriop-
sylla. The fourth character is not diagnostic as
sectasetae are present dorsally on the caudal plate
of Pseudoeriopsylla larvae, and sectasetae are
absent from the larvae of the species of Dynop-
syllinae examined and described.

The only adult character found to be useful in
diagnosing the Macrohomotominae is the pres-
ence of a pterostigma in the forewing, coupled
with the absence of a costal break. No diagnostic
characters were found in the larvae.

Hostplants of the group are in Ficus
(Urostigma) sects Urostigma, Conosycea, Mal-
vanthera and Galoglychia.

Two tribes are recognised.

EDENINI Bhanotar, Ghosh & Ghosh.

Edenini Bhanotar, Ghosh & Ghosh, 1972: 119.
Type genus: Edenus Bhanotar, Ghosh &
Ghosh.

148

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part.

Mycopsyllini White & Hodkinson, 1985: 242, 272.
Type genus: Mycopsylla Froggatt. Syn. n.

DiaGnosis. Pterostigma of forewing elongate,
wedge-shaped; M_,. straight, reaching wing mar-
gin anterior to wing apex; basal segment of
aedeagus swollen in apical half.

A single genus, Mycopsylla, is included, species
of which have an Oriental and Australasian
distribution.

MYCOPSYLLA Froggatt

Mycorsylla Froggatt, 1901: 258; Aulmann, 1913:
30; Tuthill & Taylor, 1955: 248; Mathur, 1975:
150; Morgan, 1984: 118; Kandasamy, 1987: 68.
Type species: Psylla fici Tryon, by original
designation.

Edenus Bhanotar, Ghosh & Ghosh, 1972: 119.
Type species: Edenus gardenensis Bhanotar,
Ghosh & Ghosh, by monotypy. [Synonymised
by Hodkinson, 1986: 318. ]

Description. Medium- to large-sized psyllids, up
to 8.0 mm long. Integument of head and thorax
sparsely covered with short setae. Head (Figs
12-17), in dorsal view, almost as wide as meso-
scutum; disc of vertex from flat to concave and
deeply incised by median suture, foveae weak,
anterior and lateral margins rounded, occipital
margin angular, lateral ocelli not or on slightly
raised tubercles, median ocellus just visible from
above, anterolateral tubercles absent or present;
antennal sockets weakly enlarged, giving head a
weakly cleft appearance, antennal scape not
enlarged or elongate; flagellum (Figs 30, 31) fil-
iform, 1.0-3.3 times longer than head width, a
single subapical rhinarium always present on
flagellomeres 2, 4,6 and 7, sometimes also present
on 1, 3 and 5; genae swollen ventrally; ultimate
rostral segment 1.8-3.4 times longer than wide.
Thorax, in profile, moderately arched, meso-
praescutum sharply descending anteriorly, pro-
notum hardly visible from above; forewing (Figs
57-59) narrowly obovate with acute apex, 2.4-2.7
times longer than wide, C+Sc thickened basally,
costal break absent, elongate wedge-shaped
pterostigma present, apex of M_,, reaching wing
margin anterior to wing apex, M+Cu stem longer
or shorter than Cu stem, m, cell value about 1.0,
cu, cell value 1.4-1.7, apex of claval suture adja-
cent to apex of Cu;,, radular areas diffuse or partly
defined; basal spine of hind tibia present, apical
spurs forming an incomplete ring with inner spurs

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

larger than outer spurs; hind basitarsus with 2
apical spurs.

CO proctiger bipartite; lateral lobes well-
developed, either elongate-narrow and without
inner apical lobes (Figs 84, 85) or broad-robust
with inner apical lobes (Figs 87, 90); basal seg-
ment of aedeagus swollen in apical half, apical
segment either elongate and simple (Figs 84, 85)
or short and modified (Figs 87, 90).

Q terminalia either short, with proctiger
rounded apically and anal pore ring convoluted
(Fig. 86), or conical with proctiger acute apically
and anal pore ring simple (Fig. 89).

Larva. The larvae of M. fici and M. proxima are
described by Froggatt (1901). Dorsal and ventral
caudal plates of M. kina and M. obliqua are fig-
ured below (Figs 106, 107).

Comments. Nine nominal species, including four
described below, are included in the genus. How-
ever, the three recorded names for the Indian
species are probably synonymous. Two species-
groups can be recognised.

fici group

Antennal flagellum elongate, with rhinaria on
flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, and occasionally on 1;
Cu stem longer than M+ Cu stem; aedeagus short
and robust with modified apical segment; lateral
lobes of CO’ proctiger elongate-narrow; 2 termi-
nalia short and rounded apically, with convoluted
anal pore ring.

Seven nominal species are included in this
group, distributed in India, Australia, New
Guinea and New Caledonia on Ficus (Urostigma)
sects Urostigma, Conosycea and Malvanthera.
Apart from the three Indian ‘species’ they can be
individually identified by the structure of the male
genitalia.

Mycopsylla gardenensis (Bhanotar, Ghosh
& Ghosh)

(Figs 12, 13, 57)

Edenus gardenensis Bhanotar, Ghosh & Ghosh,
1972: 109. Holotype 2, INDIA: on Psidium
guajava (ZSI) [not examined].

Mycopsylla gardenesis (Bhanotor, Ghosh &
Ghosh) Rajamohan et al., 1975: 138.
[Misspelling. |

Mycopsylla gardenensis (Bhanotar, Ghosh &
Ghosh); Hodkinson, 1986: 318; Kandasamy,
1987: 69.

HostpLants. Ficus mollis, F. tsjahela (or F. vir-
ens). F. microcarpa, possibly F. religiosa,

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

doubtfully Psidium guajava. According to
Rajamohan et al. (1975) the larvae cause leaf-
margin rolls on F. mollis.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India: W. Bengal, Tamil
Nadu, Orissa.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

India: Tamil Nadu, adults and larvae, on F. mol-
lis; adults and larvae, on F. religiosa; Orissa,
adults, on F. tsjahela (or F. virens). Bangladesh:
adults. Singapore: larvae on F. microcarpa
(BMNH).

Mycopsylla indica Mathur

Mycopsylla indica Mathur, 1975: 151; Hodkinson,
1986: 319; Kandasamy, 1987: 71, 72, 76. Holo-
type 0, INDIA: on Santalum album (FRI) [not
examined].

HostpLant. Recorded by Mathur on Santalum
album but this is regarded here as a doubtful host
record as the type series was collected during the
‘Sandal Insect Survey’ and many of these records
are for vagrant specimens.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India: Tamil Nadu.
No material examined.

Comments. This species is probably not distinct
from M. gardenensis.

Mycopsylla mathuriana Kandasamy

Mycopsylla mathuriana Kandasamy, 1987: 71.
Holotype 9, INDIA: on Ficus religiosa (ZS1)
[not examined].

HostpLant. Ficus religiosa.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India: Tamil Nadu.
No material examined.

Comments. This species is probably not distinct
from M. gardenensis.

Mycopsylla fici (Tryon)

Psylla fici Tryon, 1895: 60. Syntypes adults, larvae
and eggs, AUSTRALIA (Qld): on Ficus mac-
rophylla (not traced).

Mycopsylla fici (Tryon) Froggatt, 1901: 259; 1923:
146; Tuthill & Taylor, 1955: 248; Hodkinson,
1983: 354; Morgan, 1984: 110.

Mycopsylla fici Froggatt; Aulmann, 1913: 30.

HosteLant. Ficus macrophylla
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Australia: NSW, QLD.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Australia: NSW, QLD, Lord Howe Is. (BMNH).

149
Mycopsylla proxima Froggatt

Mycopsylla proxima Froggatt, 1901: 261;
Aulmann, 1913: 31; Tuthill & Taylor, 1955:
248; Morgan, 1984: 110. Syntypes larvae and
adults, AUSTRALIA (NSW): on Ficus
rubiginosa (2? ANIC) [not examined].

HostpLant. Ficus rubiginosa.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Australia: NSW.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Australia: 2 O&', NSW, ‘on yellow fig’ BMNH).

Mycopsylla kina sp. n.
(Figs 30, 84, 106)

Descrirtion. Moderately large psyllids, up to 6.5
mm. long. Vertex concave, without anterolateral
tubercles or ridges. Antennal flagellum long, 3.0—
3.3 times longer than head width, Ist flagellomere
(Fig. 30) with about 17 rhinaria ventrally in basal
third, 2nd with 1 subapical rhinarium, 4th with 1
or 2, 6th with 1, 7th with 1, 8th with 1 short
truncate and | long pointed seta apically; ultimate
rostral segment 2.8 times longer than wide.

Forewing 2.39-2.54 times longer than wide,
M-+Cu stem shorter than Cu stem, m, cell value
about 1.0, cu, cell value 1.7, radular areas diffuse,
apex of claval suture close but not adjacent to
apex of Cu,,; hindwing 0.5 times as long as
forewing.

CO proctiger (Fig. 84) with narrow, curved,
strap-like lateral lobes without inner apical lobes;
aedeagus as in Fig. 84; paramere conical (Fig. 84).

Q terminalia short, bulbous; proctiger broadly
rounded apically, 0.5 times as long as head width,
circum-anal pore ring weakly convoluted; sub-
genital plate broadly incised apically.

Measurements (3 0’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, O 1.04-1.12, 2 1.18; length of antennal
flagellum, O' 3.2-3.54, 2 3.52; length of ultimate
rostral segment, O' 0.18, 2 0.20; length of fore-
wing, O' 4.68-4.88, 9 6.10; length of hind tibia, 0
1.02-1.08, 2 1.10; length of 9 proctiger, 0.62.

Larva. Dorsal and ventral caudal plates and
circum-anal pore as in Fig. 106, marginal sec-
tasetae on strongly raised bases.

HostTPLant. Ficus sp., ‘hard fruited’.

Holotype OC’, Papua New Guinea: E. Highlands,
Aiyura, 5,800’, Ficus, hard fruited, under latex
cover, 1958 (Barrett) (BMNH); slide-mounted.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea: 2 0’, 6 Q, lar-
vae, same data as holotype (BMNH); slide- and
dry-mounted.

150

ComMENTS. This species may be distinguished
from other members of the fici group by the group
of rhinaria present at the base of the lst
flagellomere and the simple, non-bifid form of the
male paramere.

From the data accompanying the type series it
would seem that the larvae of this species live
beneath a cover composed of their dried anal exu-
date, similar to both the described Australian spe-
cies. The larvae of another member of the fici
group, M. gardenensis, live within the leaf-margin
rolls they induce in their host. This contrasts with
the larvae of M. obliqua which are free-living.

Mycopsylla tuberculata sp. n.
(Figs 14, 15, 85, 86)

Description. Medium-sized psyllids, up to 5.0
mm. long. Head (Figs 14, 15) with concave vertex
and well-developed anterolateral tubercles.
Antennal flagellum 2.5 times longer than head
width, a single subapical rhinarium present on
flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, 8th flagellomere with 1
long pointed medial seta and 1 short truncate api-
cal seta; genae swollen ventrally; ultimate rostral
segment 3.0 times longer than wide.

Forewing 2.54-2.62 times longer than wide,
M-+Cu stem shorter than Cu stem, m, cell value
1.0, cu, cell value 1.5, radular areas diffuse, apex
of claval suture a little distant from apex of Cu,,;
hindwing 0.6 times as long as forewing.

© proctiger (Fig. 85) with strap-like, curved
lateral lobes; aedeagus as in Fig. 85; paramere
(Fig. 85) strongly bifid apically.

? terminalia (Fig. 86) short, rounded; proctiger
broadly rounded apically, circum-anal pore ring
weakly convoluted; subgenital plate broadly
incised apically.

Measurements (1 0’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, C' 0.8, 2 0.84; length of antennal flagellum,
© 2.1; length of ultimate rostral segment, 0’ 0.15,
? 0.16; length of forewing, 3.46, 2 4.16; length
of hind tibia, O’ 0.74, 2 0.76; length of 2 proc-
tiger, 0.54.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Holotype Co’, New Caledonia: Ile des Pins, 7 km
N. Kuto, 30-100 m, 16.viti.1979 (Gagné)
(BPBM); slide-mounted.

Paratypes. New Caledonia: 1 2, Mts des
Koghis, 400-600 m, i.1969; 1 9, ii.1978; 1 9,
Poindimie, 0-50 m, 1.1969 (Krauss) (BPBM;
BMNH),; slide- and dry-mounted.

Comments. M. tuberculata differs from other
members of the fici group in having well-
developed anterolateral tubercles on the vertex
and a distinctive aedeagal apex that bears a

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

medioventral spinulose lobe. In M. gardenensis
the ventral lobe is convoluted and membraneous,
and in fici and proxima the structure is bilobed.

obliqua group

Antennal flagellum short, with a single apical seta
and a single apical flagellum on flagellomeres 1-7;
Cu stem shorter than M+Cu stem; C’ aedeagus
long and slender; lateral lobes of C’ proctiger
broad, with inner apical lobes; 9 terminalia long,
conical, acute apically, anal pore oval.

Two closely related species are included here,
one from New Caledonia on Ficus (Urostigma)
Malvanthera; the other from Loyalty Is, with
unknown trophic relationships.

Mycopsylla obliqua sp. n.
(Figs 16, 17, 31, 58, 87-89, 107)

DescripTIon. Moderately large psyllids, up to 5.0
mm long. Head (Figs 16, 17) with vertex weakly
concave and shallowly incised by median suture,
anterolateral tubercles absent. Antennal
flagellum (Fig. 31) 1.25 (0) and 1.0 (Q) times
longer than head width, a single subapical rhi-
narium present on flagellomeres 1-7 and a single,
long, subapical seta present on flagellomeres 1-6,
8th flagellomere with 2 long setae apically; ulti-
mate rostral segment 2.0 times longer than wide.

Forewing (Fig. 58) 2.5-2.7 times longer than
wide; R, short, one-third the length of R stem, Rs
at least 3 times longer than R stem with its apex at
the apex of the pterostigma, M+Cu longer than
Cu stem, m, cell value 1.0, cu; cell value 1.4, apex
of claval suture distant from apex of Cu,,, radular
areas defined; hindwing almost 0.5 times as long
as forewing.

CO proctiger (Fig. 87) with broad lateral lobes;
apex of aedeagus (Fig. 87) narrow; paramere (Fig.
88) thumb-shaped in profile, inner surface with a
small median tubercle, an anteroapical ridge anda
posteroapical tubercle.

Q terminalia (Fig. 89) conical, proctiger 1.06—
1.08 times longer than head width, circum-anal
pore ring simple.

Measurements (3 CO’, 3 2). Maximum width of
head, 0 0.92-0.98, 2 1.02-1.04; length of anten-
nal flagellum, 0” 1.16-1.24, 2 1.00—1.04; length of
ultimate rostral segment, O' 0.10, 9 0.12; length
of forewing, 0’ 3.56-3.88, 2 4.16—4.32; length of
hind tibia, O’ and 9, 0.70-0.72; length of 2 proc-
tiger, 1.08-1.10.

Larva. Dorsal and ventral caudal plates and
circum-anal pore ring as in Fig. 107; marginal
setae of caudal plates not on raised tubercles.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS
HostPLant. Ficus obligua.

Holotype OC, New Caledonia: Noumea,
ORSTOM Centre, 20-24.iii.1982, Ficus obliqua
(Hollis) (BMNH); dry-mounted.

Paratypes. New Caledonia: 6 ©’, 8 Q, larvae,
same data as holotype (BMNH; MNHN); slide-
and dry-mounted.

Mycopsylla propinqua sp. n.
(Figs 59, 90, 91)

DeEscriPTION. Very similar to M. obliqua but dif-
fering in forewing venation (Figs 58, 59), and in
the structure of the O’ proctiger (Figs 87, 90),
aedeagus (Figs 87, 90) and paramere (Figs 88, 91).

Antennal flagellum 1.51 times longer than head
width; ultimate rostral segment 1.8 times longer
than wide.

Forewing (Fig. 59) 2.72 times longer than wide;
R_half as long as R stem, Rs just over twice as long
as R stem with its apex reaching the posterior
margin of the pterostigma proximal to the latter’s
apex, m, cell value 1.0, cu, cell value 1.59; hind-
wing 0.35 times as long as forewing.

CO proctiger (Fig. 90) with lateral lobes narrow
basally and broadening apically; aedeagus (Fig.
90) bulbous apically; paramere (Fig. 91) with
obliquely truncate apex, inner surface with an
anterior tubercle in apical third and 2 parallel
ridges anteroapically.

? unknown.

Measurements (1 0’). Maximum width of head,
1.06; length of antennal flagellum, 1.60; length of
ultimate rostral segment, 0.11; length of forewing,
4.68; length of hind tibia, 0.82.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Holotype oO’, Loyalty Is: We, Lifou I.,
16-18.1i1.1963, light trap (Yoshimoto) (BPBM);
slide-mounted.

MACROHOMOTOMINI

Macrohomotomini White & Hodkinson, 1985:
242, 272. Type genus: Macrohomotoma
Kuwayama.

DiAGnosIs. Pterostigma short, ovoid; M,,, curved
and reaching wing margin posterior to wing apex;
basal segment of aedeagus not swollen in apical
half.

Two genera are included here, the Oriental
Macrohomotoma and the Afrotropical Pseu-
doeriopsylla. These genera were synonymi-
sed by Crawford (1914) and the synonymy
was accepted by Enderlein (1921). White &
Hodkinson (1985) treated them as separate gen-
era and this is accepted here as both groups can be

151

distinguished on adult and larval characteristics
(see key couplet 8, p. 141), and have a clear
geographical and hostplant separation.

MACROHOMOTOMA Kuwayama

Macrohomotoma Kuwayama, 1907: 179;
Crawford, 1911: 483; 1914: 62; 1919: 157;
1925b: 36; Aulmann, 1913: 36; Enderlein, 1914:
233; 1921: 119; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924: 622;
Boselli, 1930: 178; Kuwayama, 1931: 125;
Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578; 1960: 161; Log-
inova, 1972: 843; Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102;
Mathur, 1975: 135; Hodkinson, 1983: 352;
1986: 316; Yang, 1984: 156; Yang & Li 1984b:
370. Type species: Macrohomotoma gladiata
Kuwayama, by original designation and
monotypy.

DEscrIPTION. Large psyllids, up to 9.5 mm long.
Integument of head and thorax sparsely covered
with very short setae. Head (Figs 18, 19), from
above, as wide as mesoscutum; disc of vertex
weakly concave, foveae forming transverse
depressions, anterior and lateral margins
rounded, occipital margin angular, lateral ocelli
not on raised tubercles, median ocellus just visible
from above, anterolateral tubercles absent;
antennal sockets not enlarged and head without
cleft appearance; antennal scape not enlarged or
elongate; flagellum short, filiform, 0.7—0.9 times
as long as head width, rhinaria present on
flagellomeres 1-7; genae swollen ventrally; ulti-
mate rostral segment about twice as long as wide.

Thorax, in profile, strongly arched, pronotum
visible from above; forewing (Fig. 60) ovate, with
subacute apex, 2.2—2.6 times longer than wide,
veins bearing short setae, C+Sc not thickened,
costal break absent, ovoid pterostigma present,
apex of M,,, reaching wing margin posterior to
wing apex, Cu stem about as long as M+ Cu stem,
m, cell value about 1.8, cu; cell value about 1.0,
apex of claval suture adjacent to apex of Cuj,,
radular areas well-defined; basal spine of hind
tibia absent, apical spurs arranged 0 + 4, hind
basitarsus with 2 apical spurs.

CO proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes well-
developed and each with an inner apical lobe;
aedeagus 2-segmented; basal segment weakly
swollen subapically.

Q terminalia conical, anal pore ring normally
simple oval, rarely convoluted.

Larva. Anus and associated wax pores ventral
(Fig. 108).

Hoste ants. Ficus (Urostigma) sect. Conosycea.

152

ComMENTS. Fourteen species are currently recog-
nised in this genus, distributed from India to N.
Queensland. However, most of these are poorly
described and the genus requires revision.

Macrohomotoma apsylloides (Crawford)

Pauropsylla apsylloides Crawford, 1919:144. Syn-
types CO and @, INDONESIA, EAST
MALAYSIA, MACAO, HAWAII (USNM)
[not examined].

Macrohomotoma apsylloides (Crawford) Craw-
ford, 1920: 353; 1925a: 36; Heslop- Harrison,
1958: 570; 1960: 161; Loginova, 1972: 840;
Mathur, 1975: 139; Hodkinson, 1983: 352;
1986: 316.

HostTpLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia: Tanimbar Is.
East Malaysia: Sabah. Macao and Hawaii.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma geniculata Mathur

Macrohomotoma geniculata Mathur, 1975: 136;
Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype 0’, INDIA:
on Ficus microcarpa (FRI) [not examined].

HostTpLant. Ficus microcarpa.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India (Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka).

MATERIAL EXAMINED

India: Karnataka, adults and larvae on Ficus sp.
(BMNH).

Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama

(Figs 18, 19, 60, 108)

Macrohomotoma gladiatum Kuwayama, 1907:
180; Crawford, 1911: 490; 1914: 63; 1925a: 37;
[1928: 425, misidentification]; Aulmann, 1913:
io JEhacleniein, iGilé'e Bae iil 11)
Kuwayama, 1922: 368; 1931: 125; Boselli, 1930:
178; Miyatake, 1965a: 173; Mathur, 1975: 135;
Hodkinson, 1983: 352. Holotype 9, TAIWAN
(EIHU) [not examined].

Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama; Yang,
1984: 157.

[Macrohomotoma striata Crawford; Hill &
Cheung, 1978: 51; Hill et al., 1982: 175.
Misidentifications. |

HostTpLant. Ficus microcarpa (many records as F.
retusa).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Japan (Ryukyu Is), Tai-
wan. Crawford’s (1928) record of this species from

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Sumatra is erroneous as a male _ bearing
Crawford’s determination label in BMNH repre-
sents a different species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Hong Kong: adults on Ficus microcarpa; adults
and larvae on F. ? benghalensis. (BMNH).

Macrohomotoma hylocola Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma hylocola Yang & Li, 1984b: 376,
380; Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype ©C’,
CHINA: on Ficus sp. (BAUIC) [not
examined].

HostTPLant. Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China: Yunnan.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma maculata Mathur

Macrohomotoma maculata Mathur, 1975: 140;
Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype 2, INDIA: on
Santalum album (FRI) [not examined].

HostpLant. The type series was probably vagrant
on the recorded host.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India: Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
India: 1 O', 2 2, Tamil Nadu (same locality as
holotype, BMNH).

Macrohomotoma magna Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma magna Yang & Li, 1984b: 375;
Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype 9, CHINA:
on Ficus sp. (BAUIC) [not examined].

Macrohomotoma magne Yang & Li, 1984b: 380.
[Misspelling. ]

HostTPLant. Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China: Yunnan.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma minana Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma minana Yang & Li, 1984b: 373,
380; Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype oC,
CHINA: on Ficus sp. (BAUIC) [not
examined].

HostTpLant. Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China: Fujian.
No material examined.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS
Macrohomotoma robusta Y ang

Macrohomotoma robusta Yang, 1984: 160;
Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype Oo’, TAI-
WAN: on Ficus benjamina (NCHU) [not
examined].

HostpLant. Ficus benjamina.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma sandakana Crawford

[Pauropsylla apsylloides Crawford, 1919: 144.
Misidentification, in part. |

Macrohomotoma sandakana Crawford, 1925Sa:
38; Hodkinson, 1983: 352. Holotype 0’, EAST
MALAYSIA (USNM) [not examined].

HosteiLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. East Malaysia: Sabah.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma sinica Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma sinica Yang & Li, 1984b: 371,
379; Hodkinson, 1986: 316. Holotype OC,
CHINA: on Ficus spp. (BAUIC) [not
examined].

Hoste ant. Ficus microcarpa (as F. retusa), Ficus
sp., ? F. microphylla [not listed by Corner (1965)].

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China: Fujian.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma striata Crawford

Macrohomotoma striata Crawford; Ramakrishna
Ayyar, 1924: 622, nomen nudum.

Macrohomotoma striata Crawford, 1925a: 38;
[Miyatake, 1965a: 174, ? misidentification];
Mathur, 1975: 144; Hodkinson, 1983: 352;
1986: 316. Holotype 2, INDIA: on Ficus sp.
(? USNM) [not examined].

HostTpLant. Ficus sp.; Miyatake’s (1965a) record
of this species from the Ryukyu Is on F. micro-

carpa (as FF. retusa) is probably a
misidentification.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India: Karnataka.

Japan: Ryukyu Is [possible misidentification by
Miyatake (1965a)].
No material examined.

153
Macrohomotoma viridis Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma viridis Yang & Li, 1984b: 377,
380; Hodkinson, 1986: 317. Holotype 9,
CHINA: on Ficus sp. (BAUIC) [not
examined].

HostTpLant. Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China; Yunnan.
No material examined.

Macrohomotoma williamsi Crawford

Macrohomotoma williamsi Crawford, 1925a: 37;
Hodkinson, 1983: 352. Syntypes, CO’ and Q,
PHILIPPINES: on Ficus clementis (USNM) [2
© examined].

HostTeLant. Ficus crassiramea var. clementis.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Philippines.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Philippines: 2 9 syntypes (USNM).

Macrohomotoma yunana Yang & Li

Macrohomotoma yunana Yang & Li, 1984b: 374,
380; Hodkinson, 1986: 317. Holotype CO,
CHINA: on Ficus sp. (BAUIC) [not
examined].

HostTpLant. Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China: Yunnan.
No material examined.

PSEUDOERIOPSYLLA Newstead

Pseudoeriopsylla Newstead, 1911: 105; Yang &
Li, 1984b: 370 (as a synonym of Mac-
rohomotoma); White & Hodkinson, 1985: 242.
Type species: Pseudoeriopsylla nyasae News-
tead, by monotypy.

Pseuderiopsylla Newstead; Crawford, 1914: 62 (as
a synonym of Macrohomotoma). [Misspelling. ]

DescriPTION. Large psyllids, up to 8.0 mm long.
Integument of head and thorax sparsely covered
with very short setae. Head (Figs 20, 21), from
above, almost as wide as mesoscutum; disc of
vertex concave with foveae weakly defined, ante-
rior and lateral margins rounded, occipital margin
angular, lateral ocelli not on raised tubercles,
median ocellus just visible from above, ante-
rolateral tubercles absent; antennal sockets not
enlarged and head without cleft appearance,
antennal scape not enlarged or elongate;
flagellum filiform, 1.0—1.7 times longer than head

154

width, rhinaria present on flagellomeres 2-7 (Figs
32-37); (sometimes absent from 5); genae slightly
swollen ventrally; ultimate rostral segment short,
2.0-4.0 times longer than wide.

Thorax, in profile, moderately arched; pro-
notum narrowly visible from above and descend-
ing vertically behind occiput; forewing (Figs 61,
62) ovate, with subacute apex, 2.15—2.45 times
longer than wide, veins bearing sparse short setae,
C+Sc slightly thickened proximally, costal break
absent, well-defined subcircular pterostigma pre-
sent, apex of M,,, reaching wing margin posterior
to wing apex, Cu stem much shorter than M+Cu
stem, m, cell value 1.5—1.9, cu, cell value 0.7-1.2,
apex of claval suture adjacent to apex of Cuj,,
radular areas well-defined; basal spine of hind
tibia present, apical spurs arranged 0 + 4, hind
basitarsus with 2 apical spurs.

CO proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes well-
developed, each with a small inner apical lobe;

aedeagus 2-segmented, basal segment not
swollen.

Q terminalia conical, anal pore ring
convoluted.

Larva. Anus and associated wax pores termi-
nodorsal (Figs 109-112).

HostpLants. Ficus (Urostigma) sect. Galo-
glychia.
ComMENTS. Crawford (1914) considered this

genus to be synonymous with Macrohomotoma
but White & Hodkinson (1985) regarded the two
as distinct. Although clearly a sister-pair there are
good characters in both larvae and adults that
separate the two genera (see key couplet 8, p.
141).

Until recently Pseudoeriopsylla was thought to
be monobasic but a critical examination of the
available material has revealed a complex of at
least six species in tropical Africa. These are dif-
ferentiated and described below.

Key to species of Pseudoeriopsylla

1 Rhinaria present over whole surface of Ist
tlagellomenrc)(Eigs 38-35) eens 2

— Rhinaria present only apically or subapically on 1st
tlagellomere|(Figsis25.465)57) eee ereeeeee eee 4

2 Rhinaria present over whole lengths of flagellomeres
2-5 (Fig. 35); O’ paramere (Fig. 96) obliquely trun-
cate apically; 2 proctiger not less than 1.4 times
longer than head width................. carvalhoi

— Rhinaria present only subapically on flagellomeres
2-5 (Figs 33, 34); O&' paramere (Figs 93, 95) rounded
apically; 2 proctiger not more than 1.3 times longer
thantheadiwidth sas antec etna 3

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

3 CO paramere (Fig. 95) narrow, thumb-like, anterior
tubercle on inner surface hook-like........ medleri

— © paramere (Fig. 93) broader, anterior tubercle on
INNELSULia Ce Gun CaLCmE san eet ene laingi

4 OC paramere (Fig. 92) conical, with a subacute apical
tubercle; 1st and 2nd flagellomeres with several rhi-
Natialsubapically (Hig= 32). 4-4. anne nyasae

— © paramere thumb-shaped (Figs 97, 98), with two
tubercles on inner surface subapically; 1st and 2nd
flagellomeres each with a single subapical rhinarium
(EIoS;SO 31) nse ceo Sade ge 3d Seo Re oa 5

5 Antennal flagellum not less than 1.4 times longer
than head width; C’ paramere broad (Fig. 97)
kenyae

— Antennal flagellum not more than 1.25 times longer
than head width; CO paramere narrow (Fig. 98)
etiennei

Pseudoeriopsylla nyasae Newstead
(Figs 32, 92, 109)

Pseudoeriopsylla nyasae Newstead, 1911: 105;
Yang & Li, 1984b: 369; White & Hodkinson,
1985: 162. Syntypes 9 and larvae, MALAWI:
on Ficus sp. (larvae BMNH, @ not traced)
[examined].

Macrohomotoma nyasae (Newstead) Crawford,
1914: 63; 1920: 354; 1925a: 36; Enderlein, 1921:
119:

HostTPLant. Subsect. Chlamydodorae, Ficus thon-
ningil (some records as F. petersii). The type series
was recorded from ‘Kachire’ which, according to
Binns (1972), is a vernacular name used for Ficus
natalensis, F. thonningii, and F. scassellatii (=F.
kirkii).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Malawi, Mozambique.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Adults and larvae from: South Africa (Tvl), on”
petersii’; Malawi, Tanzania, Zaire.

Pseudoeriopsylla laingi sp. n.
(Figs 20. 21, 33, 61, 93, 94, 110)

Description. Antennal flagellum 1.46-1.70 (C’)
and 1.19-1.28 (Q) times longer than head width;
rhinaria present over most of surface of 1st
flagellomere, 3 subapically on 2nd (Fig. 33), 0-2
subapically on 3rd, 1—2 subapically on 4th, none
on 5th, 34 subapically on 6th, 2 subapically on
7th, 8th bearing 2 subequal setae apically; ulti-
mate rostral segment 2.5-3.0 times longer than
wide.

Forewing 2.20—2.45 times longer than wide,
pattern dimorphic (as in Figs 61, 62); 7m, cell value

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

1.5-1.7, cu, cell value 0.7-1.1 (higher in W.
African populations).

CO paramere (Fig. 93) broad in profile, rounded
apically, inner surface with 2 subapical tubercles,
the anterior one truncate apically; apical segment
of aedeagus as in Fig. 94.

Q proctiger 1.20-1.27 times longer than head
width.

Measurements (6 0’, 5 9). Maximum width of
head, 0’ 0.97-1.12, 9 1.06-1.20; length of anten-
nal flagellum, CO” 1.42-1.88, 9 1.30-1.42; length of
ultimate rostral segment, CO’ 0.16-0.19, 9 0.15-
0.20; length of forewing, O& 4.12-5.95, 2 4.80-
6.68; length of hind tibia, O’ 0.88-1.10, 2 0.92-

| 1.10; length of 9 proctiger, 1.28-1.52.

Larva. Dorsal and ventral caudal plates and

_ circum-anal pore ring as in Fig. 110.

| HosTpvant. Subsect. Chlamydodorae; Ficus thon-
_ ningii, F. natalensis .

Holotype ©’, Angola: Chianga, 12.iv.1975, on
Ficus thonningii (van Harten) (BMNH); dry-
mounted.

Paratypes. Angola: 5 ©’, 8 Q, larvae, same data
as holotype; 1 @. i.1971 (van Harten); 1 Q,
21-24.iii.1972 (Hollis); 2 oO, 2 9, 27.viii.1973
(Amorim). Kenya: 2 0’, 5 @, larvae, Nairobi,
Chiromo, ix.1970, Ficus sp. (Schmutterer).

| Uganda: 1 ©’, Kampala, ‘Makawkawe’, 9.iii.1925

(Hamwer); 1 0’, 3 9, larvae, Kawanda Res. Stn,
10.vi.1988, on roots of Ficus natalensis (Pol-
aszek). Cameroon: 1 9, Bamenda, ¢ 5000’,
26-31.1.1957, yellow tray; 1 ©’, ii.1957 (Eastop).
Nigeria: 1 0’, 5 2, Lagos (Brown). Sierra Leone:

} larvae, Freetown, 27.viii.1924; 1 oO, 2 Q,
| 20.1.1927;2 0", 2 9, Newton, 10.xi.1928, Ficus sp.
| (Hargreaves). Guinea: 1 ©’, Kindia, Fulaya,
| 4.i1.1952, “Goyavier’ (Balachowsky). Senegal: lar-

vae, Djibelor, 15.xii.1981, Ficus sp.; 1 0’, 1 9,

14.11.1982, beating trees (Etienne). (BMNH;
| MNHN).

ComMENTS. This species appears to be close to
medleri and nyasae and replaces the latter on the
same host from Kenya northwards and

' westwards.

Dr A. Polaszek (pers. comm.) has reared speci-
mens of Psyllaephagus secus Prinsloo (Chal-
cidoidea: Encyrtidae) and Dilyta sp. (Cynipoidea:

_ Charipidae) from Sth instar larvae of the popula-

tion from Kawanda Res. Stn, Uganda, mentioned

| in the above paratype series.

Pseudoeriopsylla medleri sp. n.
(Figs 34, 95)
Description. Antennal flagellum 1.32-1.41 (C’)

| and 1.14~1.16 (Q) times longer than head width;

155

rhinaria present over most of surface of Ist
flagellomere (Fig. 34), 6 subapically on 2nd, 1-3
subapically on 3rd, 1—2 subapically on 4th, 1 api-
cally on 5th, 3 subapically on 6th, 2 apically on 7th,
8th bearing 2 subequal setae apically; ultimate
rostral segment 2.3-3.1 times longer than wide.

Forewing pattern similar to that in Fig. 62,
2.18-2.34 times longer than wide, m, cell value
1.6-1.9, cu, cell value 1.13—1.19; hindwing 0.5
times as long as forewing.

CO paramere (Fig. 95) narrow in profile,
rounded apically, inner surface with 2 subapical
tubercles, the anterior one hook-like.

? proctiger 1.2 times longer than head width.

Measurements (4 O’, 2 2). Maximum width of
head, CO 0.91-0.98, 9 1.02; length of antennal
flagellum, CO 1.20-1.38, 2 1.16-1.18; length of
ultimate rostral segment, O' 0.12-0.14, 9 0.13;
length of forewing, CO 4.28-4.64, 2 4.72-4.76;
length of hind tibia, O’ and 9 0.86-0.88; length of
Q proctiger, 1.20-1.22.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Holotype CO’, Nigeria: S. E. State, Oban,
7.iv.1975 (Medler) (BMNH); dry-mounted.

Paratypes. Nigeria: 13 0’, 4 2, same data as
holotype (BMNH); slide- and dry- mounted.

Comments. P. medleri appears to be close to laingi
but is distinguished by the structure of the
paramere.

Pseudoeriopsylla carvalhoi sp. n.
(Figs 35, 96)

Description. Antennal flagellum 1.35-1.67 (C’)
and 1.14~-1.41 (Q) times longer than head width;
rhinaria present over most of surfaces of
flagellomeres 1-5 (Fig. 35), 4-6 subapically on
6th, 2 apically on 7th, 8th with 2 subequal setae
apically; ultimate rostral segment 3.5—4.0 times
longer than wide.

Forewing pattern similar to that in Fig. 61, often
with hind margin also brown, 2.20-2.41 times
longer than wide, m, cell value 1.7, cu, cell value
0.9; hindwing 0.54—0.58 times as long as forewing.

OC paramere (Fig. 96) with obliquely truncate
apex, inner surface with 1 hook-like anterodorsal
and 1 simple posterodorsal tubercle.

Q proctiger long, 1.42-1.77 times longer than
head width.

Measurements (2 CO’, 2 2). Maximum width of
head, o 0.90-0.92, 2 1.00-1.06; length of anten-
nal flagellum, O 1.22-1.54, 9 1.14-1.50; length of
ultimate rostral segment, oO 0.15-0.16, 9 0.16—
0.17; length of forewing, CO’ 3.80-3.96, 2 4.42-
4.72; length of hind tibia, O’ 0.82-1.02, 2 0.82-
1.14; length of 2 proctiger, 1.42-1.88.

Larva unknown.

156

HostTpLant. Subsect. Caulocarpae, Ficus ovata
(=F. brachypoda).

Holotype co’, Angola: Duque de Braganca
Falls, 11-12.111.1972, Ficus brachypoda (Hollis)
(BMNH); dry-mounted.

Paratypes. Angola: 4 0’, 5 Q, same data as
holotype (BMNH). Zaire: 6 0’, 4 9, P.N. G.,
Miss. H. De Saeger, Iso II/9, 17.vi.1952 (3638); 3
o7,4 9, Mt Tungu (S), 9.vi.1952 (De Saeger 3606)
(MRAC; BMNH). Nigeria: 1 9, Zaria, Samaru,
26.11.1966, m.v. trap (Deeming) (BMNH). Slide-
and dry-mounted.

Comments. P. carvalhoi differs from the other
known species of the genus in the extreme pro-
liferation of rhinaria on the antennal flagellum
and the elongate female proctiger. The host spe-
cies also belongs to a different subsection of Sect.
Galoglychia.

Pseudoeriopsylla kenyae sp. n.

(Figs 36, 97, 111)

Description. Antennal flagellum 1.53-1.57 (C’)
and 1.38 (Q) times longer than head width; a
single apical rhinarium present on Ist
flagellomere, 1 on 2nd (Fig. 36), 0-1 on 3rd, 1-2
on 4th, none on Sth, 1-2 on 6th, a double rhi-
narium on 7th, 8th with 2 subequal setae apically;
ultimate rostral segment 3.0—3.6 times longer than
wide.

Forewing pattern as in Fig. 61, 2.25—2.36 times
longer than wide, m, cell value 1.7, cu, cell value
1.2; hindwing 0.55—0.57 times as long as forewing.

© paramere (Fig. 97) broad in profile, with
rounded apex, inner surface with 1 subapical ante-
rior tubercle and 1 posteroapical tubercle.

Q proctiger 1.2 times longer than head width.

Measurements (2 CO’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, Oo 1.08-1.10, 2 1.10; length of antennal
flagellum, ’ 1.68-1.70, 2 1.52; length of ultimate
rostral segment, CO’ 0.18-0.19, 9 0.18; length of
forewing, O' 4.72-4.80, 9 5.13; length of hind
tibia, O’ 1.14-1.20, 9 1.12; length of 2 proctiger,
is

Larva. Dorsal and ventral caudal plates and
circum-anal pore ring as in Fig. 111.

HostPLant. Ficus sp.

Holotype OC’, Kenya: L. Naivasha, W. shore
road, ¢ 6,200’, 21—22.vi.1974, Ficus sp. (Hollis)
(BMNH); dry-mounted.

Paratypes. Kenya: 1 0’, 3 Q, larvae, same data
as holotype; 1 0’, 2 9, Nairobi, Karen, ¢ 5,500’,
7.vil.1974, Clausena anisata (Hollis) (BMNH);
slide- and dry- mounted.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Comments. P. kenyae and etiennei differ from
other species of the genus in the lack of multiple
rhinaria on the first two flagellomeres. They differ
from one another in the relative lengths of the
antennal flagellum and the form of the male
paramere.

Pseudoeriopsylla etiennei sp. n.

(Figs 37, 62, 98, 112)

Description. Antennal flagellum 1.17—1.24 (Cc)
and 1.0() times longer than head width; a single
apical rhinarium on Ist flagellomere, 1 on 2nd
(Fig. 37), none on 3rd, 1 on 4th, none on Sth, 1 on
6th, a double rhinarium apically on 7th, 8th with 2
subequal setae apically; ultimate rostral segment
short, 2.0 times longer than wide.

Forewing (Fig. 62) 2.15—2.31 times longer than
wide, m, cell value 1.9, cu, cell value 1.05; hind-
wing 0.5 times as long as forewing.

CO paramere (Fig. 98) narrow in profile, with
rounded apex, inner surface with a bifid tubercle
anteroapically.

Q proctiger 1.2 times longer than head width.

Measurements (2 0’, 2 9). Maximum width of
head, oO’ 1.08-1.16, 2 1.20-1.24; length of anten-
nal flagellum, CO’ 1.34-1.36, 9 1.20-1.24; length of
ultimate rostral segment, O’ and Q , 0.12; length of
forewing, O' 4.81-4.89, 2 5.09-5.30; length of
hind tibia, 0’ 0.94, 2 0.96-1.02; length of 2 proc-
tiger, 1.41.5.

Larva. Dorsal and ventral caudal plates and
circum-anal pore ring as in Fig. 112.

HostpLant. Ficus sp.

Holotype ©’, Senegal: Kamobeul-Essyhl,
27.x1.1982, Ficus sp. (Etienne) (MNHN)); slide-
mounted.

Paratypes. Senegal: 1 0’, 2 9, larvae, same data
as holotype (BMNH); slide-mounted.

HOMOTOMINAE Heslop-Harrison

Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 577, in part.

Homotominae Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 101, in
part; White & Hodkinson, 1985: 272.

Carsidarinae Yang, 1984: 168, in part.

Diacnosis. Antennal flagellum thickened and
densely setose; in forewing costal break present or
at least indicated by a weakly sclerotised area of
the cuticle in the break area, pterostigma absent.
The subfamily comprises two tribes, the Homo-
tomini with an Old World distribution, and the
Synozini with a New World distribution.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

HOMOTOMINI Heslop-Harrison

Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578, in part;
Loginova, 1964b: 54.

Dynopsyllini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102, in
part.

Psausiini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102. Type
genus: Psausia Enderlein. Syn. n.

Diacnosis. In forewing M+Cu stem present,
sometimes immediately adjacent to R+M+Cu
stem and R stem, radular area present in cell mp;
hind tibia with only part of apical spur ring thick-
ened; CO proctiger bipartite, basal segment of
aedeagus strongly expanded in apical half.

A single, Old World genus, Homotoma, is
recognised, with hostplants in Ficus (Urostigma)
sects Urostigma, Conosycea and Galoglychia, and
Ficus (Ficus) sects Ficus and Rhizocladus.

HOMOTOMA Guérin-Méneville

| Homotoma Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 376; Flor,
| 1861: 337, 412; Low, 1879: 607; Kieffer, 1905:
161; Kuwayama, 1908: 181; Crawford, 1911:
483; 1915: 262; 1919: 162; Aulmann, 1913: 35;
Enderlein, 1921: 118; Boselli, 1929: 218;
Kuwayama, 1931: 124; Haupt, 1935: 252;
Schaefer, 1949: 56; Ramirez Gomez, 1956: 65;
Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 578; Dobreanu & Man-
olache, 1962: 364; Miyatake, 1975: 17; Braza &
Calilung, 1981: 353; Yang & Li, 1981: 77, 84;
1984a: 201, 217; Hodkinson, 1983: 349; 1986:
312. Type species: ‘Psylla ficus’ Linnaeus, by
original designationand monotypy.
Anisostropha Foerster, 1848: 92; Frauenfeld,
| 1867: 804; Meyer-Diir, 1871: 403. Type species:
Chermes ficus Linnaeus, by monotypy. [Objec-
tive synonym of Homotoma. |
Psausia Enderlein, 1914: 232; 1921: 120; Heslop-
Harrison, 1949: 376, 378; 1958: 578; Mathur,
1975: 155; Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85; 1984a: 217;
Hodkinson, 1983: 349; 1986: 312; Yang, 1984:
168; Kandasamy, 1987: 72. Type species:
Homotoma radiata Kuwayama, by original des-
ignation and monotypy. [Synonymised with
| _Homotoma by Kuwayama, 1931: 124.]
| Labobrachia Enderlein, 1921: 119; Heslop-Harri-
) son, 1949: 376, 378; 1958: 578; Hodkinson,
1983: 349; 1986: 312; Yang & Li, 1984a: 201,
217. Type species: Homotoma __ pacifica
Crawford, by original designation and mono-
typy. [Synonymised with Homotoma by
Hodkinson, 1983: 349.]
| Metapsausia Enderlein, 1921: 120; Heslop-Harri-
son, 1949: 376, 378; 1958: 578; Yang & Li, 1981:
79, 85; 1984a: 202; Hodkinson, 1983: 349; 1986:

iVSy//

312. Type species: Homotoma _ bakeri
Crawford, by original designation. [Syn-
onymised with Homotoma by Hodkinson,
1983: 349.]

Caenohomotoma Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85. Type
species: Caenohomotoma spiraea Yang & Li,
by original designation. [Synonymised with
Homotoma by Hodkinson, 1986: 312.]

Austrohomotoma Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85. Type
species: Homotoma gressitti Miyatake, by
monotypy. [Synonymised with Homotoma by
Hodkinson, 1986: 312.]

Harrisonella Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85. Type spe-
cies: Homotoma distincta Crawford, by mono-
typy. [Synonymised with Homotoma_ by
Hodkinson, 1986: 312.]

Heterohomotoma Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85. No
type species designated. Nomen nudum.

Labobracha Yang & Li, 1984a: 217. [Misspelling. }

Psausia Yang & Li, 1984a: 217 (nec Enderlein).
Type species: Homotoma distincta Crawford,
by original designation and monotypy. [Hom-
onym of Psausia Enderlein, objective synonym
of Harrisonella, and syn. n.|

Australohomotoma Hodkinson,
[Misspelling. |

LO8G: eS:

Description. Medium- to large-sized psyllids, up
to 6.5 mm. Integument of head and thorax densely
covered with long setae. Head (Figs 22-24), from
above, about as wide as mesoscutum; vertex from
shallowly to deeply concave, anterior margin
rounded and often deeply incised by median
suture, lateral margins rounded or obtuseangular,
occipital margin angular, median ocellus just visi-
ble from above, lateral ocelli on weak swellings,
anterolateral tubercles absent, antennal sockets
enlarged and giving head a cleft appearance;
antennal flagellum (Figs 38—40) swollen and den-
sely hirsute, rounded or flattened in cross-section,
a single apical rhinarium present on flagellomeres
2,4, 6 and 7, flagellomere 8 very reduced and less
than half length of 7; genae normally slightly
swollen ventrally, small genal cones rarely
developed; ultimate rostral segment short, up to
twice as long as wide.

Thorax, in profile, from weakly to strongly
arched; pronotum broadly visible from above,
sometimes with a pair of anteromedial and a pair
of anterolateral projections. Forewing (Figs
63-73) of variable shape, veins bearing long setae,
C+ Sc usually thickened basally, costal break pre-
sent or indicated by weakening of cuticle in break
area, M stem often partially fused with basal part
of Rs and M,,, and sometimes partially fused with
apical part of Rs, apex of M,,, reaching wing
margin anterior to wing apex or at wing apex, Cu

158

stem short or long, cells 7m, and cu, of very variable
shape, apex of claval suture adjacent to or shortly
distant from apex of Cu,,, radular areas from
diffuse to sharply defined but always present in
cell m,; basal spine of hind tibia rarely present,
apical spurs arranged 0 + 4~7; hind basitarsus with
2 or rarely 1 apical spurs.

© proctiger bipartite, lateral lobes well-
developed and with inner apical lobes; basal seg-
ment of aedeagus swollen in apical half, apical
segment without ventral spiniform processes api-
cally (Figs 99-104).

Q terminalia conical, circum-anal pore ring
simple.

Larva. Body form variable, wider than long in
H. ficus, longer than wide in other known species.
Antennae short, flagellum not subdivided except
for flagellomeres 7 and 8; dorsal thoracic sclerites
differentiated, separate; humeral lobes well-
developed in ficus but not in other known species;
body surface covered with lanceolate setae, in
ficus these are mounted on elongate tubercles
(White & Hodkinson, 1985), in other species
these tubercles are smaller or absent; pointed sec-
tasetae present marginally; anus ventral and with
a large, medially constricted circum-anal pore
ring. [Larvae are described or figured for distincta
(Heslop-Harrison, 1949), ficus (Boselli, 1929),
galbvittata (Yang & Li, 1984a), indica (Mathur,
1975), maculata (Yang, 1984), radiata (Fang &
Yang, 1986) and wulinensis (Yang, 1984).]

Comments. The synonymy of Homotoma has
become confused since Enderlein erected the gen-
era Psausia, Metapsausia and Labobrachia, based
on type species previously described in Homo-
toma. Kuwayama (1931) synonymised Psausia
with Homotoma but Heslop-Harrison (1949)
recognised all four genera as distinct, and Mathur
(1975) and Yang (1984) regarded Psausia as dis-
tinct. Miyatake (1975) included the type species of
Enderlein’s genera in his treatment of Homo-
toma, but it is likely that he was following
Kuwayama in the synonymy of Psausia and was
unaware of Enderlein’s (1921) paper erecting
Metapsausia and Labobrachia. However,
Hodkinson (1983) considered that Miyatake had
effectively synonymised Enderlein’s genera with
Homotoma. This confusion was further com-
pounded by Yang & Li (1981, 1984a) when they
erected a further five genus-group names in the
Homotoma complex, including one that is both a
homonym and an objective synonym, and another
that is a nomen nudum. Hodkinson (1986) con-
sidered Yang & Li’s names to be invalid and fur-
ther suggested that there was no good reason for
splitting Homotoma.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Enderlein (1914, 1921) based his genera on ven-
ational characters and Heslop-Harrison sup-
ported these arguments, adding further structural
characters to support the separation of Psausia.
The various forewing types may be characterised
as follows:

1 M,,, reaching wing margin at apex of wing (Figs 64,
65) [Primitive condition for Carsidaridae + Homo-
tomidae]) is. eesc eee ‘Labobrachia’ type

-— M,,» reaching wing margin anterior to wing apex
(Figs 63), 66=73))" 0 oe. se ee oe oa 2

2 M-+Custem entirely separated from R stem, M stem
entirely separated from Rs, apex of claval suture
adjacent or close to apex of Cu,,, radular areas
diffuse (Figs 63, 66-70) ........ ‘Homotoma’ type

— M-+Cu stem partly or entirely fused with R stem, M
stem partly or entirely fused with Rs, apex of claval
suture distant from apex of Cu,,, radular areas
defined"(Figs 71=73))\7 sane aeeee et eee es 3

3 Mstem partly fused with Rs, M,,, entirely separate
fromuRs) (Bigs) 715,72) orsseertoeicee ‘Psausia’ type

— M stem almost or completely fused with Rs, M,,,
completely fused with Rs (Fig. 73)
‘Metapsausia’ type

Assuming the ‘Labobrachia’ type to be the primi-
tive forewing condition, transformation series can
be defined through the ‘Homotoma’ type to the
Afrotropical species (Figs 63, 66-70) in one series,
and to ‘Psausia’ types (Figs 71, 72) and ‘Metap-
sausia’ types (Fig. 73) in another series. It is even
possible to derive the condition found in the South
American genus Synoza (Fig. 74) from the
‘Psausia’ type. One could reasonably argue that
the ‘Psausia’ type was uniquely derived from the
‘Homotoma’ type, but the ‘Metapsausia’ type
could have arisen several times from the “Psausia’
type.

The supporting morphological characters used
by Heslop-Harrison (1949) to separate Psausia
from Homotoma are unlikely to be useful but the
pronotum of those species with the ‘Psausia’ and
‘Metapsausia’ types of forewing, that we have
examined, have anterodorsal and anterolateral
projections. In those species with the
‘Labobrachia’ and ‘Homotoma’ types the pro-
notum is a more simple, strap-like tergite. The
male genitalia of all specimens examined show no
significant differences that would support
Enderlein’s generic concepts. We are, therefore,
following Hodkinson (1983, 1986) in recognising a
single genus, Homotoma.

Thirty-one species are currently recognised,
including four newly described below from the
Afrotropical Region. All these species are listed

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

below on a regional basis; a key is not provided as
many of the descriptions are inadequate and we
have been unable to obtain type material.

Palaearctic Region
Homotoma ficus (Linnaeus)

‘Les faux pucerons du figuier’ Reaumur, 1737:
S51)

‘La Psylle du figuier’ Geoffroy, 1762: 484.

Chermes ficus Linnaeus, 1758: 455; Fabricius,
1794: 223.

| Psylla ficus (Linnaeus) Tigny, 1802: 165;
Latreille, 1804: 379; Audinet-Serville, 1825:
229; Dufour, 1833: 232; Amyot & Serville,
1843: 593.

Homotoma ficus (Linnaeus) Guérin-Méneville,
1844: 376; Flor, 1861: 413; Girard, 1876: 132;
Bolivar & Chicote, 1879: 185; Ferrari, 1888: 76;
Lambertie, 1901: 221; Dominique, 1902: 225;
Ragusa, 1907: 237; Oshanin, 1907: 369; 1912:
128; Aulmann, 1913: 35; Horvath, 1918: 331;
Boselli, 1929: 218; Bodenheimer & Theodor,
1929: 35: Silvestri, 1934: 382; Balachowski &
Mesnil, 1935: 586; Haupt, 1935: 252; Heslop-
Harrison, 1946: 37; 1949: 375; Schaefer, 1949:
56; Vondracek, 1951: 26; Tamanini, 1955: 11;
1966: 105; Ramirez Gomez, 1956: 66; Wagner
& Franz, 1961: 170; Klimaszewski, 1961: 115;
1973: 230; Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962: 364;
Loginova, 1964a: 472; Hodkinson & White,
1979: 77; White & Hodkinson, 1982: 45;
Halperin et al., 1982: 34; Burckhardt, 1983: 64;
Andrianova & Klimaszewski, 1983: 42; Yang &
Li, 1984a: 201, 217.

_ Anisostropha ficus (Linnaeus) Foerster, 1848: 92;

| Frauenfeld, 1867: 801; Meyer-Diir, 1871: 403.

' Hostpcant. Ficus carica; ((Ficus) sect. Ficus).

_ RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Widespread in Mediter-

ranean Basin, also from Albania, Austria,

France, Iran, U.S. S. R. (Caucasus and Crimea),
(England and North America, introduced).

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Numerous adults and larvae from various
localities in the Mediterranean Basin, England
(BMNH).

| Homotoma viridis Klimaszewski

| Homotoma viridis Klimaszewski, 1961: 114; 1973:
231; 1975: 18, 30, 37; Tamanini, 1966: 105; Log-
inova, 1968: 326; Halperin et al., 1982: 35;
Burckhardt, 1983: 64; 1988: 40; Andrianova &
Klimaszewski, 1983: 43; Yang & Li, 1984a: 201,
217. Holotype 0’, ALBANIA (IZPAN) [not
examined].

159
HostTpLant. Ficus carica.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Bulgaria, Israel, Italy,
Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus and
Crimea), Yugoslavia.

ComMENTsS. The morphological differentiation of
this species from H. ficus has a weak basis. Fur-
thermore, both have been collected at the same
time and locality, from the same host individual,
and there is no biological evidence that the species
are distinct.

Afrotropical Region

The four new species described below are the first
records of the genus in this region. They are dis-
tinguished by their wing shape, venation and
coloration and by the structure of the antennal
flagellum.

Homotoma angolensis sp. n.
(Figs 22, 23, 39, 63, 99, 100)

Description. Dark brown psyllids with a beetle-
like appearance, 3.0-3.5 mm long. Head (Figs 22,
23) with vertex flat, anterior margin weakly
incised by median suture; antennal flagellum 1.9—
2.0 (’) and 1.6-1.8 (Q) times longer than head
width, laterally flattened and expanded (Fig. 39),
Ist flagellomere almost 3 times as long as wide, 8th
flagellomere with one long pointed seta and one
very short and truncate seta apically; genae with
weak, conical swellings ventrally; ultimate rostral
segment 2.0-2.5 times longer than wide.

Thorax weakly arched, pronotum without ante-
rior projections; forewing (Fig. 63) coriaceous,
obovate with rounded apex, 2.2—2.4 times longer
than wide, veins densely clothed with long sinuous
setae, M stem and branches entirely separated
from R stem and branches, M stem short, , value
2.0-2.4, Custem about as long as M+ Cu stem, cu,
value about 0.9, apex of claval suture adjacent to
apex of Cu;,, radular areas diffuse; hindwing rela-
tively long, 0.85 times as long as forewing, M
unbranched, Cu branched apically; basal spine of
hind tibia absent, apical spurs arranged 0 + 5;
hind tibia with 2 apical spurs.

C proctiger (Fig. 99) with lateral lobes of basal
segment well-developed, anal tube of moderate
length; aedeagus (Fig. 99) with basal segment
weakly expanded in apical half; inner surface of
paramere (Fig. 100) with a well-developed ante-
romedial pointed tubercle and a diagonal ridge
lying anteromedially to posteroapically.

Q terminalia short, conical; proctiger 1.1 times
longer than head width.

160

Measurements (5 0’, 4 2). Maximum width of
head, CO 0.62-0.67, 9 0.70-0.74; length of anten-
nal flagellum, oO” 1.20-1.36, 2 1.18-1.26; length of
ultimate rostral segment, O 0.80-0.10, 2 0.10-
0.11; forewing length, 0” 2.44-2.52, 9 2.96-3.04;
length of hind tibia, o 0.56-0.60, 2 0.60-0.64;
length of 9 proctiger, 0.76—0.80.

Larva unknown.

Hosteiant. Adults collected from Ficus thon-
ningit ((Urostigma) sect. Galoglychia subsect.
Chlamydodorae); possibly also F. mutandifolia.
Holotype 0’, Angola: Chianga, 21—24.111.1972,
Ficus thonningii (Hollis) (BMNH); dry-mounted.
Paratypes. Angola: 13 0’, 7 9, same data as
holotype; 6 9, 7.x.1971; 10’, 14.1.1975, Ficus
mutandifolia (van Harten); 11 0, 3 2, 7 mls W.
Gabela, 16-18.iii.1972, general sweeping; 1 9, at
light (Hollis). (BMNH); dry- and slide-mounted.

Comments. This species is recognised by the dis-
tinctive form, venation and chaetotaxy of the fore-
wing. The obovate shape, and proximal branching
of M stem and Cu stem of the wing are considered
to be primitive features but the coriaceous nature
of the membrane is unique within the genus. The
structure of the antennal flagellum is highly
derived in that it is short, strongly laterally flat-
tened and with expanded flagellomeres. No
obvious close relatives are known.

Homotoma bamendae sp. n.
(Figs 24, 38, 67, 101)

DescripTIoN. (Only slide-mounted material
available for study.) Antennal flagellum 1.73-
1.97 times longer than head width, flagellomeres
laterally flattened and moderately expanded (Fig.
38), 1st flagellomere 4.8 times longer than wide,
8th flagellomere with one long pointed seta and
one short truncate seta apically. Vertex flat, ante-
rior margin very weakly incised by median suture;
genae produced into long thin processes ventrally
(Fig. 24); ultimate rostral segment very short, 1.75
times longer than wide.

Thorax weakly arched, pronotum without ante-
rior tubercles. Forewing obovate with subacute
apex, 2.42.5 times longer than wide, membrane
hyaline with pattern as in Fig. 67; veins bearing
long straight setae, M stem and branches entirely
separated from R stem and branches, M stem
long, m, cell value about 1.0, Cu stem short, cu,
cell value 1.6, apex of claval suture adjacent to
apex of Cu,,, radular areas small and poorly
defined; hindwing 0.65 times as long as forewing,
M unbranched, Cu apparently unbranched; basal
spine of hind tibia absent, apical spurs arranged 0
+ 4; hind basitarsus with 2 apical spurs.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

CO proctiger (Fig. 101) with moderately
developed lateral lobes, anal tube elongate;
aedeagus (Fig. 101) with basal segment expanded
in apical half; inner surface of paramere with 2
anteromedial tubercles.

Q terminalia short, conical, proctiger about as
long as head width. Measurements (1 OC’, 1 Q).
Maximum width of head, 0’ 0.60, 9 0.68; length
of antennal flagellum, Co’ 1.04, 9 1.34; length of
ultimate rostral segment, 0’ and 2 0.07; length of
forewing, O' 2.48, 9 3.12; length of hind tibia, 0
0.52, 2 0.62; length of 2 proctiger, 0.71.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Holotype CO’, Cameroon: Bamenda, 25-31.i.
1957, yellow trays (Eastop) (BMNH)); slide-
mounted.

Paratype. 1 Q, same locality as holotype,
21-24.1.1957 (BMNH); slide-mounted.

ComMMENTS. The forewing venation of this species
suggests a close relationship to H. ficus but the
thin, elongate genal processes of H. bamendae
appear to be unique in the genus.

Homotoma chlamydodora sp. n.
(Figs 68, 69, 103, 104)

DESCRIPTION. Overall length up to 5.0 mm. Vertex
concave, anterior margin deeply incised by medial
suture. Antennal flagellum 2.52-3.23 (C’) and
2.35-2.83 (2) times longer than head width, cir-
cular in cross-section, 1st flagellomere 5.0—7.0 times
longer than wide, 8th flagellomere with one long
pointed seta and one short truncate seta apically;
genae slightly swollen ventrally; ultimate rostral
segment short, 1.5—2.0 times longer than wide.

Thorax weakly arched, pronotum broadly visi-
ble from above and without anterior tubercles.
Forewing elongate-oval, with subacute apex,
membrane hyaline and with a dimorphic pattern
as in Figs 68, 69, 2.75—3.15 times longer than wide;
veins bearing long straight setae, M stem and
branches entirely separate from R stem and
branches, M stem long, mm, cell value 0.9, Cu stem
about as long as M+Cu stem, cu, cell elongate
with a value of about 2.0, apex of claval suture
adjacent to apex of Cu,,, radular areas diffuse;
hindwing 0.75 times as long as forewing, M
unbranched, Cu branching apically; hind tibia
without a basal spine, apical spurs arranged 0 + 5;
hind basitarsus with a single apical spur.

CO proctiger (Fig. 103) with moderately
developed lateral lobes and short anal tube;
aedeagus as in Fig. 103; paramere (Fig. 104)
thumb-shaped, inner surface with a single tuber-
cle anteriorly in apical third and a posteroapical
tubercle.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

@ terminalia short, conical; proctiger 0.9-1.1
times as long as head width.

Measurements (10 0’, 9 2). Maximum width of
head, CO 0.68-0.88, 2 0.74-0.88; length of anten-
nal flagellum, CO 1.88-2.52, 2 1.74-2.32; length of
ultimate rostral segment, OC’ 0.06-0.09, 2 0.07—
0.08; length of forewing, O 3.0-3.62, 2 3.08-
3.88; length of hind tibia, CO’ 0.58-0.82, 2 0.58-
0.84; length of 2 proctiger, 0.68-0.92.

Larva unknown.

Hostptants. Adults collected from Ficus natalen-
sis and F. thonningi; ((Urostigma) sect.
Galoglychia subsect. Chlamydodorae).

Holotype OC’, Tanzania: Arusha NP, Ngurdoto
crater rim, c. 5000’, 8.vi.1974, Ficus natalensis
(Hollis) (BMNH); dry-mounted.

Paratypes. Tanzania: 3 CO’, 3 2, same data as
holotype. South Africa: 2 0’, 3 2, Pondoland,
Port St John, ix—xii.1923 (Turner); 80°, 129,
Natal, Umtentweni, 14-17.x.1969, Ficus petersii
(Capener). Kenya: 1 oO, 1 9, Muguga, vii-
viii.1954, trapped (Eastop); 1 CO, 19.xi.1969
(Brown); 10,3 9, Limuru, iv.1955 (Thomas); 1

| O, Kakamega, 1500m, 4.ii.1977 (Deharveng).
| Uganda: 6 0’, 2 9, Kampala, 17.iii.1923, on Ficus

leaves (Hargreaves). Angola: 1 Q, Chianga,
7.x.1971, Ficus thonningii (van Harten). Burundi:
20, 2 9, Gitega, 20.x.1980 (Pointel); 4 CO,
Kisozi, 6—20.iii.1981; 8 9, 5-17.iv.1981; 1 oC,
1-15.v.1981; 2 oO’, 8-21.viii.1981; 10 Oo, 9 Q,
22.iii—4.ix.1981; 4 oO’, 3 9, 6-18.ix.1981; 4 Co,
39, 10.ix.—2.x.1981; 10 oO, 18 9, 3-16.x.1981; 4
oO, 3 Q, 17-30.x.1981 (Aubrique). Cameroon: 10
Oo, 12 2, Bamenda, 24.i.—6.ii.1957, yellow trays
(Eastop). Nigeria: 1 O’, K. State, 20 mls W.
Lokoja, 21.11.1970 (Medler). (BMNH; MNHN;

| NCI; MHN); dry- and slide-mounted, stored in
90% ethanol.

| Comments. H. chlamydodora may be recognised

by the venation and pattern of the forewing and

| the single apical spur on the hind basitarsus. Prob-

ably it is most closely related to H. bamendae but
has a more derived condition of the cubital vein of

| the forewing and the antennae have primitive,

uncompressed flagellomeres.

Homotoma eastopi sp. n.
(Figs 40, 70, 102)

Description. (Only slide-mounted material
available for study.) Antennal flagellum 2.67
times longer than head width, flagellomeres flat
and strongly expanded (Fig. 40), 1st flagellomere
not more than twice as long as wide, 8th
flagellomere with one long pointed seta and one

161

very short truncate seta apically; vertex deeply
divided by median suture; genae with very small,
conical swellings ventrally; ultimate rostral seg-
ment short, 2.0 times longer than wide.

Thorax weakly arched, pronotum broadly visi-
ble from above and without anterior projections.
Forewing narrow-elongate, with acute apex, 3.1—
3.7 times longer than wide, membrane hyaline
with pattern as in Fig. 70; veins bearing long
straight setae, M stem and branches entirely sepa-
rate from R stem and branches, 7, cell value 0.9,
Cu stem about as long as M+Cu stem but 3-4
times longer than Cu;,, cu; cell very elongate with
a value of about 15.0, apex of claval suture close
but not immediately adjacent to apex of Cu;,,
radular areas narrow-elongate and _ poorly
defined; hindwing 0.75 times as long as forewing,
M unbranched, Cu branching distally; basal spine
of hind tibiia absent, apical spurs arranged 0 + 6;
hind basitarsus with 2 apical spurs.

CO proctiger (Fig. 102) with lobes developed
laterodorsally, anal tube long; aedeagus as in Fig.
102; paramere of similar profile to that of H.
angolensis [inner surface not visible in holotype].

2 terminalia conical, proctiger 1.27 times
longer than head width.

Measurements (1 0’, 1 2). Maximum width of
head, CO 0.64, Q 0.66; length of antennal
flagellum, oO 1.76; length of ultimate rostral seg-
ment, O' 0.09, 9 0.10; length of forewing, O 3.1,
? 3.72; length of hind tibia, Ch and 9, 0.74; length
of 2 proctiger, 0.84.

Larva and hostplant unknown.

Holotype ©’, Cameroon: Bamenda, 5000’,
25-31.1.1957, yellow pan trap (Eastop) (BMNH);
slide-mounted.

Paratype. 1 9, same locality as holotype,
20-24.1.1957 (BMNH); slide-mounted.

ComMENTS. This species is differentiated from
others in the genus by the shape, pattern and
venation of the forewing, and the structure of the
antenna and the male proctiger. It is probably the
sister-species of H. chlamydodora.

Oriental Region
Homotoma altissimae (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma altissimae Yang & Li, 1984a:
206, 217. Holotype 0’, CHINA: on Ficus alti-
ssima (BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma altissimae (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 312.

HostpLant. Ficus altissima; ((Urostigma) sect.
Conosycea).

162

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma annesleae (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma annesleae Yang & Li, 1984a:
205, 217. Holotype 0’, CHINA: on Anneslea
fragrans (BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma annesleae (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 313.

HostTpLant. Two adults recorded from Anneslea
fragrans (Theaceae). These specimens were prob-
ably vagrants.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma bambusae (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma (Heterhomotoma) bambusae
Yang & Li, 1981: 82, 85, 86; 1984a: 210. Holo-
type 0’, CHINA: on Bambusa sp. (BAUIC)
[not examined].

Caenohomotoma bambusae Yang & Li, 1984a:
216; 218:

Homotoma bambusae (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 313.

HostTpLant. Two adults collected from Bambusa
sp. (Graminae). These specimens were probably
vagrants.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Hainan).
No material examined.

Homotoma benjaminae (Yang & L1)

Caenohomotoma benjaminae Yang & Li, 1984a:
211, 217. Holotype &, CHINA: on Ficus ben-
jamina (BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma benjaminae (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 313.

HosTpLant. Three adults collected from Ficus
benjamina; ((Urostigma) sect. Conosycea).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Lincang Prov.).
No material examined.

Homotoma boheae Yu
(Fig. 71)

Homotoma boheae Yu, 1957: 45; Miyatake, 1975:
20; Hodkinson, 1986: 313. Holotype CO’,
CHINA (?BPBM) [not examined].

Caenohomotoma (Caenohomotoma) boheae (Yu)
Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85; 1984a: 218.

HostTpLant. Unknown.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Fukien).

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Malaya, | Oo’, 1 2 (BMNH).

Homotoma chuanana (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma (Psausia) chuanana Yang & Li,
1981: 81, 86. Holotype 9, CHINA (BAUIC)
[not examined].

Caenohomotoma chuanana Yang & Li; Yang &
Li, 1984a: 216, 218.

Homotoma chuanana (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 313.

HostTeLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Sichuan). No
material examined.

Homotoma distincta Crawford

Homotoma distincta Crawford, 1912: 433; 1919:
162; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1924: 622; Boselli,
1929: 219; Miyatake, 1975: 21; Hodkinson,
1986: 313. Holotype 9, INDIA (BMNH)
[examined].

Psausia distincta (Crawford) Enderlein, 1921:
120; Heslop-Harrison, 1949: 379; Mathur,
1975: 156; Loginova, 1982: 39; Yang & Li,
1984a: 202, 217.

Caenohomotoma (Harrisonella)
(Crawford) Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85.

Hostpiant. Ficus religiosa (Heslop-Harrison,
1949); ((Urostigma) sect. Urostigma).

distincta

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India (Bihar, U. P.).

MATERIAL EXAMINED
India (Bihar, U. P.): holotype 2, 1 ho (BMNH).

Homotoma galbvittata (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma galbvittata Yang & Li, 1984a:
203, 217. Holotype o&’, CHINA: on Ficus sp.
(BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma galbvittata (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 313.

HostTpLant. Ficus sp..

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma indica (Mathur)

Psausia indica Mathur, 1975: 158. Holotype OC’,
INDIA: on ‘Ficus infectoria’ (FRI) [not
examined].

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Caenohomotoma indica (Mathur) Yang & Li,
1984a: 218.

Homotoma indica (Mathur) Hodkinson, 1986:
318

HostTp.Lants. There is some confusion in the origi-
nal description concerning the identity of the host.
Under hostplant data Mathur states ‘Ficus mac-
rocarpa (=F. retusa) and F. lucescens (=F.
infectoria)’. Under type data only Ficus infectoria
is given, and under biological notes Mathur states
‘Both adults and nymphs are commonly found on
young shoots of F. macrocarpa at ... Dehra
Dun’. Ficus macrocarpa (=F. retusa) is probably a
misspelling of F. micocarpa (see Corner, 1965:
22), although it may refer to F. laevis var. mac-
rocarpa (Corner, 1965: 53). F. infectoria may refer
to either F. tsjahela or F. virens (Corner, 1965: 7
and 9 respectively).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. India (UP).
No material examined.

Homotoma lahui (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma lahui Yang & Li, 1984a: 212,
217. Holotype 9, CHINA (BAUIC) [not
examined].

Homotoma lahui (Yang & Li) Hodkinson, 1986:
813:

HosteLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma maculata Yang

Psausia maculata Yang, 1984: 173. Holotype ©’,
TAIWAN: on Ficus beechyana (NCHU) [not
examined].

Homotoma maculata (Yang) Hodkinson, 1986:
al3.

Hoste ant. Ficus erecta var. beechyana; ((Ficus)
sect. Ficus).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan.
No material examined.

Homotoma mangiferae (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma mangiferae Yang & Li, 1984a:
209, 217. Holotype &', CHINA: on Mangifera
indica (BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma mangiferae (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314.

HostpLantT. The single known adult, recorded
from Mangifera indica, was probably a vagrant.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma pyriformiscola (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma pyriformiscola Yang & Li,
1984a: 207, 217. Holotype &, CHINA: on
Ficus pyriformis (BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma pyriformiscola (Yang & Li) Hodkin-
son, 1986: 314.

HOSTPLANT.
Ficus).

Ficus pyriformis; ((Ficus) sect.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma radiata Kuwayama
(Fig. 72)

Homotoma radiatum Kuwayama, 1908: 181;
Crawford, 1911: 491; 1912: 433; 1915: 262;
1919: 162; Aulmann, 1913: 36; Kuwayama.
1931: 124; Sasaki, 1954: 31; Klimaszewski,
1973: 231; Hill et al., 1982: 174. Syntypes, Co
and 9, TAIWAN (EIHUV) [not examined].

Psausia radiata (Kuwayama) Enderlein, 1914:
232; Heslop-Harrison, 1949: 375; Yang, 1984:
169; Fang & Yang, 1987: 147.

Psausia (Homotoma) — radiata
Kuwayama, 1922: 368.

Homotoma radiata Kuwayama; Boselli, 1929:
219; Miyatake, 1965a: 173; 1975: 20; 1981: 56;
Yu, 1957: 44; Hodkinson, 1983: 349; 1986: 313.

Caenohomotoma radiata (Kuwayama) Yang &
Li, 1981: 79; 1984a: 216, 218.

HostpLants. Recorded from Ficus erecta, F.
caulocarpa, F. superba var. japonica and Ficus sp.

(Kuwayama)

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Nepal, Taiwan, Japan
and Hong Kong.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.
Hong Kong: adults on Ficus superba var. japonica
(BMNH).

Homotoma ruiliana (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma ruiliana Yang & Li, 1984a: 214,
217. Holotype co, CHINA: on Ficus sp.
(BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma ruiliana (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314.

Hostevant. A single male collected from Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

164
Homotoma shuana (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma (Heterohomotoma) shuana
Yang & Li, 1981: 79, 85, 86; 1984a: 210. Holo-
type O', CHINA (BAUIC) [not examined].

Caenohomotoma shuana Yang & Li; Yang & Li,
1984a: 216, 218.

Homotoma shuana (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314.

HostTeLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Sichuan).
No material examined.

Homotoma spiraea (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma (Caenohomotoma) _ spiraea
Yang & Li, 1981: 79, 85, 86; 1984a: 216, 218.
Holotype o&’, CHINA: on ‘Spirae’ sp. (BAUIC)
[not examined].

Homotoma spiraca (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314. [Misspelling. ]

HostTpPLant. Described from 12 adults collected on
‘Spirae’ sp. |? Spiraea sp.].

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Zhejiang).
No material examined.

Homotoma unifasciata Yu

Homotoma unifasciata Yu, 1957: 45; Miyatake,
1975: 21; Hodkinson, 1986: 314. Holotype C’,
CHINA (? BPBM) [not examined].

Caenohomotoma (Caenohomotoma) unifasciata
(Yu) Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85.

Caenohomotoma unifasciata (Yu); Yang & Li,
1984a: 216, 218.

HostTeLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Fukien); Japan.
No material examined.

Homotoma wulinensis (Yang)

Psausia wulinensis Yang, 1984: 170. Holotype C’,
TAIWAN: on Ficus sarmentosa (NCHU) [not
examined].

Homotoma wulinensis (Yang) Hodkinson, 1986:
314.

HOsTpPLANnT.
Rhizocladus).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Taiwan.
No material examined.

Ficus sarmentosa; ((Ficus) sect.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD
Homotoma xishuangana (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma xishuangana Yang & Li, 1984a:
213, 217. Holotype o’, CHINA: on Ficus sp.
(BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma xishuangana (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314.

HostTpLant. Described from four adults collected
on Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Homotoma yunnanica (Yang & Li)

Caenohomotoma yunnanica Yang & Li, 1984a:
210, 217. Holotype &’, CHINA: on Ficus sp.
(BAUIC) [not examined].

Homotoma yunnanica (Yang & Li) Hodkinson,
1986: 314.

HostTpLant. Described from nine adults collected
on Ficus sp.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. China (Yunnan).
No material examined.

Australo-oriental Region
Homotoma bakeri Crawford
Fig. 73)

Homotoma bakeri Crawford, 1915: 263; 1919:
162; Boselli, 1929: 219; Heslop- Harrison, 1949:
376; Miyatake, 1975: 20; Braza & Calilung,
1981: 353; Hodkinson, 1983: 349. Holotype 9,
PHILIPPINES (USNM) [examined].

Metapsausia bakeri (Crawford) Enderlein, 1921:
120.

Caenohomotoma (Metapsausia)
(Crawford) Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85.

Caenohomotoma bakeri (Crawford) Yang & Li,
1984a: 218.

HostpLant. Ficus benjamina var. nuda (=F. com-
osa; recorded as F. carnosa by Braza & Calilung);
((Urostigma) sect. Conosycea).

bakeri

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Philippines (Luzon and
Mindanao); West Malaysia (Penang).

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Philippines: &’, Q and larvae, Mt Makiling. West
Malaysia: 1 2, Pahang (BMNH).

Homotoma bilineata Crawford

Homotoma bilineata Crawford, 1917: 164; 1919:
162; Boselli, 1929: 219; Miyatake, 1975: 20.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

Holotype oO, PHILIPPINES
[examined].

Metapsausia bilineata (Crawford) Enderlein,
1921: 120.

Homotoma biliniata Crawford; Heslop-Harrison,
1949: 376. [Misspelling. ]

Caenohomotoma (Metapsausia)
(Crawford) Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85.

Caenohomotoma bilineata (Crawford) Yang & Li,
1984a: 218.

Hostecant. Ficus sp. (1 2, BMNH).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Philippines (Luzon);
Thailand.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Philippines: 1 C& (holotype), Luzon (USNM); 1
Q, Palawan (BMNH).

ComMENtS. Hodkinson’s (1983, 1986) records of
H. bilineata from Sarawak refer to a closely
related species, of which there are further speci-
mens in BMNH from Sulawesi and Seram.

(USNM)

bilineata

Homotoma gressitti Miyatake

Homotoma gressitti Miyatake, 1975: 17; Hodkin-
son, 1983: 349. Holotype 9, PAPUA NEW
GUINEA (BPBM) [not examined].

Caenohomotoma (Austrohomotoma)
(Miyatake) Yang & Li, 1981: 78, 85.

Caenohomotoma gressitti (Miyatake) Yang & Li,
1984a: 218.

HostTpLant. Unknown.

gressitti

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Papua New Guinea.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

A series of adults from Papua New Guinea
(Mondo), in BMNH, differ from the original
description slightly in forewing venation and
pattern.

Homotoma pacifica Crawford
(Fig. 64)

Homotoma pacifica Crawford, 1915: 262; 1919:
162; Boselli, 1929: 219; Heslop- Harrison, 1949:
378; Miyatake, 1975: 21; Yang & Li, 1981: 78,
85; Hodkinson, 1983: 349. Holotype co’, PHI-
LIPPINES (USNM) [examined].

Labobrachia_ pacifica (Crawford) Enderlein,
1921: 19; Heslop-Harrison, 1949: 376; Yang &
ix, 1984a: 201, 217.

HosteLant. Unknown.

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Philippines (Luzon).

165

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Philippines: 1 CO’ (holotype) (USNM). Indonesia:
1 2, Sulawesi Utara (BMNH).

Comments. A single 2 of a closely related but
undescribed species (Fig. 65) is in BMNH, also
from Sulawesi Utara.

SYNOZINI Bekker-Migdisova

Synozini Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102. Type
genus: Synoza Enderlein.

Synoziini White & Hodkinson,
[Misspelling. |

M9853) 162:

DiaGnosis. In forewing M+Cu stem absent, M
stem completely fused along its basal two-thirds
with Rs, radular area absent from cell mm,; hind
tibia with an almost complete ring of apical spurs;
CO proctiger unipartite; basal segment of aedeagus
not expanded, apical segment with a pair of sub-
apical spiniform processes ventrally.

A single, New World genus, Synoza, is included
here. It comprises three species from Central and
South America and recorded hostplants are Ficus

spp.

SYNOZA Enderlein

Synoza Enderlein, 1918: 479; Laing, 1923: 697;
Ferris, 1928: 109; Caldwell, 1941: 419; Tuthill,
1950: 58: Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 102;
Hodkinson & White, 1981: 509; White &
Hodkinson, 1985: 272; Brown & Hodkinson,
1988: 179. Type species: Synoza cornutiventris
Enderlein, by original designation and
monotypy.

DescripTION. Medium-sized psyllids, up to 5.0
mm. Integument of head and thorax sparsely cov-
ered with long setae. Head (Figs 25, 26), from
above, about as wide as mesoscutum; vertex con-
cave on either side of median suture, anterior and
lateral margins rounded, occipital margin angular
medially but rounded laterally, anterior margin
deeply incised by median suture, lateral ocelli on
raised tubercles, anterolateral tubercles absent;
antennal bases enlarged, giving head a cleft
appearance, flagellum about 4 times longer than
head width, flagellomeres cylindrical, a single
subapical rhinarium present on flagellomeres 2, 4,
6 and 7; genae not swollen ventrally; ultimate
rostral segment short, less than 2.5 times longer
than wide.

Thorax, in profile, strongly arched, pronotum
very narrowly visible from above and descending

166

sharply behind occiput. Forewing (Fig. 74) obo-
vate, with rounded apex, about 2.5 times longer
than wide, veins bearing long setae, C+Sc not
thickened, costal break indicated by weakening of
chitin in break area, basal two-thirds of M stem
completely fused with Rs, apex of M,,, reaching
wing margin anterior to wing apex, M+ Cu absent,
m, cell value about 1.0, cu, cell value about 1.0,
radular areas sharply defined but absent from cell
mM, apex of claval suture distant from apex of
Cu,,; basal spine of hind tibia absent, apical spur
ring almost complete; hind basitarsus with 2 apical
spurs.

CO proctiger unipartite, with well-developed lat-
eral lobes that do not bear inner apical lobes; basal
segment of aedeagus not expanded in apical half,
apical lobes of aedeagus with a pair of spiniform
lobes ventrally (Fig. 105).

Q terminalia conical or elongate conical; cir-
cum-anal pore ring simple.

Larva. Body longer than wide; antenna long,
filiform, not subdivided; wing pads small,
humeral lobes not developed; body surface mem-
braneous with thoracic sclerites not defined, setae
mainly simple but abdominal segments bearing
small groups of 1-3 pointed sectasetae sub-
marginally on dorsal surface, dorsal caudal plate
(Fig. 113) small, bearing groups of pointed sec-
tasetae; anus ventral (Fig. 113), with a large,
medially constricted circum-anal pore ring; tarsal
arolium triangular, not petiolate.

Comments. Laing (1923) and Ferris (1928) placed
Synoza in the Carsidaridae sensu Crawford
(1919); Bekker-Migdisova (1973: fig. 2) con-
sidered the genus to be the sister-group of the rest
of the homotomids, and White & Hodkinson
(1985) regarded it as the sister-group of
Homotoma.

The three included species are discussed and
differentiated by Brown & Hodkinson (1988).

Synoza cornutiventris Enderlein

(Figs 25, 26, 74, 105)

Synoza cornutiventris Enderlein, 1918: 480;
Laing, 1923: 697; Crawford, 1925b: 58; Ferris,
1928: 109; Costa Lima, 1942: 105; Hodkinson &
White, 1981: 509; Brown & Hodkinson, 1988:
180. Holotype 2, PERU (not traced).

HostpL_ant. Ficus sp. (Brown & Hodkinson,
1988).

RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Colombia, Panama and
Peru.

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Colombia: 1 C’, 1 Q, on Ficus sp.; Panama: 3 9
(BMNH).

Synoza floccosa Ferris
(Fig. 113)

Synoza floccosa Ferris, 1928: 109; Klyver, 1930:
175 (as asynonym of S. pulchra Laing); Tuthill,
1950: 59; Hodkinson & White, 1981: 509;
Brown & Hodkinson, 1988: 180. Syntypes o,
2, larvae, MEXICO: on Ficus sp. (SUNHM)
[examined].

Synoza pulchra Laing; Caldwell, 1941: 421, in
part.

HostTpLant. Ficus sp.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Mexico.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Mexico: adults and larvae on Ficus sp. (syntype
series, SUNHM).

Synoza pulchra Laing

Synoza pulchra Laing, 1923: 696; Caldwell, 1941:
421; Tuthill, 1950: 58; Hodkinson & White,
1981: 509; Brown & Hodkinson, 1988: 182.
Holotype o&', MEXICO (BMNH) [examined].

Synoza pulchar Laing; Klyver, 1930: 175.
[Misspelling. ]

HostTeLant. Unknown.
RECORDED DISTRIBUTION. Mexico, Panama.

MATERIAL EXAMINED
Mexico: | Cf (holotype); Panama: 1 &' (BMNH)

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Yu, Feng-Ling 1957. Notes on the Psyllidae (Homoptera) from
Fukien and Taiwan, China. I. Memoirs of the College of
Agriculture, National Taiwan University 4: 43-54.

170 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Figs 2-11 Dynopsyllinae, head structure. 2, 3, Diceraopsylla brunettii; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view. 4, 5, Dynop-

sylla cornuta; 4, dorsal view; 5, lateral view. 6, 7, Austrodynopsylla encala; 6, dorsal view; 7, lateral view. 8, 9,

Triozamia lamborni; 8, dorsal view; 9, lateral view. 10, 11, Afrodynopsylla gigantea; 10, dorsal view; 11, lateral view.
Scale line: 0.5 mm. Setosity not shown in Figs 2, 3, 6-9.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS 171

12

Figs 12-26 Macrohomotominae and Homotominae, head structure. 12, 13, Mycopsylla gardenensis; 12, dorsal view;
13, lateral view. 14, 15, M. tuberculata; 14, dorsal view; 15, lateral view. 16, 17, M. obliqua; 16, dorsal view; 17, lateral
view. 18, 19, Macrohomotoma gladiata; 18, dorsal view; 19, lateral view. 20, 21, Pseudoeriopsylla laingi; 20, dorsal
view; 21, lateral view. 22, 23, Homotoma angolensis; 22, dorsal view; 23, lateral view. 24, H. bamendae, dorsal view.
| 25, 26, Synoza cornutiventris; 25, dorsal view; 26, lateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. Setosity not shown in Figs 12-21.
Fig. 24 drawn from slide-mounted specimen.

172 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

4

A TY

J

ope
ie

TAIT SE
—

We

|

=
|

Figs 27-40 Homotomidae, antennal structure. 27, Austrodynopsylla encala, \st and 2nd flagellomeres. 28, Tri-

ozamia lamborni, \st and 2nd flagellomeres. 29, Afrodynopsylla gigantea, \st flagellomere. 30, Mycopsylla kina, \st

flagellomere. 31, M. obliqua, flagellum. 32, Pseudoeriopsylla nyasae, \st and 2nd flagellomeres. 33, P. /aingi, 1st and

2nd flagellomeres. 34, P. medleri, 1st and 2nd flagellomeres. 35, P. carvalhoi, \st and flagellomeres. 36, P. kenyae, \st

and 2nd flagellomeres. 37, P. etiennei, 1st and 2nd flagellomeres. 38, Homotoma bamendae, antenna. 39,

H. angolensis, antenna. 40, H. eastopi, antenna. Scale lines: Figs 27-30, 0.2 mm; Figs 31, 38-40, 0.5 mm; Figs 32-37,
0.1 mm.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS 173

Figs 41-46 Homotomidae, thoracic, leg and abdominal structure. 41, Dynopsylla cornuta, thorax, lateral view. 42,

Afrodynopsylla gigantea, thorax, lateral view. 43, Austrodynopsylla encala, apex of hind tibia. 44, Triozamia

lamborni, apex of hind tibia. 45, 46, Diceraopsylla brunettii; 45, apex of hind tibia; 46, abdominal wax-producing
glands. Scale lines: Figs 41, 42, 0.5 mm; Figs 43— 46, 0.1 mm. Figs 41, 42, drawn from dry-mounted specimens.

174 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Figs 47-56 Dynopsyllinae, fore- and hindwings. 47, 48, Diceraopsylla brunettii; 47, forewing; 48, hindwing. 49, 50,

Dynopsylla pinnativena; 49, forewing; 50, hindwing. 51,52, Austrodynopsylla encala; 51, forewing; 52, hindwing. 53,

54, Triozamia lamborni; 53, forewing; 54, hindwing. 55, 56, Afrodynopsylla gigantea; 55, forewing; 56, hindwing.
Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS Ws

Figs 57-74 Macrohomotominae and Homotominae, forewings. 57, Mycopsylla gardenensis. 58, M. obliqua. 59,

M. propinqua. 60, Macrohomotoma gladiata. 61, Pseudoeriopsylla laingi. 62, P. etiennei. 63, Homotoma angolensis.

64, H. pacifica. 65, Homotoma sp., near pacifica. 66, H. ficus. 67, H. bamendae. 68, 69, H. chlamydodora, 68,

specimen from Burundi; 69, specimen from Tanzania. 70, H. eastopi. 71, H. boheae. 72, H. radiata. 73, H. bakeri. 74,
Synoza cornutiventris. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. Setosity not shown in Figs 57-62.

176 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

Figs 75-83 Dynopsyllinae, male genitalia. 75, Diceraopsylla brunettii, external genitalia, lateral view. 76, 77,

Dynopsylla pinnativena; 76, paramere; 77, apical segment of aedeagus, lateral view. 78, 79, Austrodynopsylla encala;

78, paramere; 79, apical segment of aedeagus, lateral view. 80, 81, Triozamia lamborni; 80, paramere; 81, apical

segments of aedeagus, lateral view. 82, 83, Afrodynopsylla gigantea; 82, paramere; 83, apical segments of aedeagus,
lateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS 1 9/7/

| Figs 84-91 Edenini, male and female genitalia. 84, Mycopsylla kina, male external genitalia, lateral view. 85, 86,
| M. tuberculata; 85, male external genitalia, lateral view; 86, female external genitalia, lateral view. 87-89, M. obliqua;
| 87, male proctiger and aedeagus, lateral view; 88, paramere; 89, female external genitalia, lateral view. 90, 91, M.
| propinqua; 90, male proctiger and aedeagus, lateral view; 91, paramere. Scale lines: Figs 86, 89, 0.2 mm; remainder
0.1 mm.

178 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

x var x See

: Aly, -

FW sa 95 Y! ih Qa
SA ESS JAM
ZEW Vlad

HO. nS
a WN \\
So eg AN\Y

\ { x :
PX |

|
/
Sa

|
7
Ze

=e

SS

Figs 92-98 Pseudoeriopsylla spp., male genitalia. 92, P. nyasae, paramere. 93, 94, P. laingi; 93, paramere; 94, apical
segment of aedeagus, lateral view. 95, P. medleri, paramere. 96, P. carvalhoi, paramere. 97, P. kenyae, paramere. 98,
P. etiennei, paramere. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS 179

_ Figs 99-105 Homotominae, male genitalia. 99, 100, Homotoma angolensis; 99, proctiger and aedeagus, lateral view;

| 100, paramere. 101, H. bamendae, proctiger and aedeagus, lateral view. 102, H. eastopi, proctiger and aedeagus,

lateral view. 103, 104, H. chlamydodora; 103, proctiger and aedeagus, lateral view; 104, paramere. 105, Synoza
cornutiventris, external genitalia, lateral view. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

180 D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

UW 7, tyes
S IW NS

aT
\!

TAMAS WrXt
!

TI NW \

\ N

/\! Vly

1
\
4 \
VAAN

Figs 106-113 Homotomidae, Sth instar larvae caudal plates. 106, Mycopsylla kina. 107, M. obliqua. 108, Mac-
rohomotoma gladiata. 109, Pseudoeriopsylla nyasae, specimen from South Africa. 110, P. laingi, specimen from
Senegal. 111, P. kenyae. 112, P. etiennei. 113, Synoza floccosa. d— dorsal view, v — ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

181

INDEX TO HOSTPLANTS

Americana (sect.) 138

Anneslea fragrans 162

Antiaris 132, 134, 135, 139

toxicaria welwitschii 133, 138, 142, 146

var. africana 133, 146
var. usambarensis 133, 146
var. welwitschii 133, 146

Apocynaceae 132

Artocarpus 133, 134

Auriculatae (series) 137

Bambusa sp. 162
Benjamina (subsect.) 137
Benjamineae (series) 136

Callophylleae (series) 136

Caricae (series) 137

Caulobotryae (series) 136

Caulocarpae (subsect.) 136, 156

Chlamydodorae (subsect.) 136, 154,
155, 160, 161

Chlorophora 134

Clausena anisata 156

Clusiaceae 133

Congestae (subser.) 137

Connariaceae 133

Conosycea (sect.) 135, 136, 138, 139, 147,

148, 151, 157, 161, 162, 164
Conosycea (subsect.) 136
Convolvulaceae 132
Crassirameae (subser.) 136

Drupaceae (series) 136

Ebenaceae 133
Exasperatae (series) 137

Ficus 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138
altissima 136, 161
auriculata 133, 137
benghalensis 136, 152
benjamina 136, 153, 162

var. nuda 164
brachypoda 136, 156
capensis 137
carica 133, 137, 159
carnosa 164
caulocarpa 163
clementis 136, 153
comosa 164
crassiramea 136, 153
elastica 135, 136, 142
erecta 137, 163

var. beechyana 163
exasperata 137
fistulosa 137
foveolata 137
gibbosa 137
gnaphalocarpa 137
gul 137
hispida 137
hookeri 133
hookeriana 133, 136
infectoria 136, 162, 163
kirkii 154

Invalid names are in italics

laevis var. macrocarpa 163
lucescens 163
macrocarpa 133, 163
macrophylla 136, 149
microcarpa 133, 136, 148, 149, 152,
153, 163
microphylla 153
minahassae 137
mollis 136, 148, 149
mutandifolia 160
natalensis 136, 154, 155, 161
nervosa 133, 137, 143, 144
nota 137
obliqua 136, 151
odorata 137
ovata 136, 156
petersit 154, 161
pumila 137
pyriformis 137, 163
racemosa 137
religiosa 136, 148, 149, 162
repandifolia 137
retusa 136, 152, 153, 163
roxburghii 137
rubiginosa 136, 149
rumphii 133, 136
sarmentosa 137, 164
scassellatii 154
sp. 133, 139, 142, 145, 149, 152, 153,
154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 164, 165,
166
spp. 133, 137, 138, 139, 153, 165
stipulata 137
superba 136
var. japonica 163
sur 137
sycomorus 137
thonningii 136, 154, 155, 160, 161
tinctoria 137
tomentosa 136
tsjahela 136, 148, 149, 163
ulmifolia 137
variegata 137
virens 136, 148, 149, 163
Ficus (sect.) 135, 137, 138, 139, 157, 159,
163
Ficus (subgen.) 133, 135, 137, 159, 163,
164
Ficus (subsect.) 137
Flacourtaceae 132

Galoglychia (sect.) 135, 136, 138, 139,
147, 154, 156, 157, 160, 161

Hispidae (subser.) 137
Indicae (subser.) 136

Lauraceae 133
Leucogyne (sect.) 136, 138

Malvaceae 133

Malvales 133, 139

Malvanthera (sect.) 135, 136, 138, 139,
147, 148, 150

Malvanthereae (series) 136
Malvanthereae (subser.) 136
Mangifera indica 163
Melastomaceae 133

Milicia 133, 134

Moraceae 131, 132, 133, 138
Morus 133, 134

Neomorphae (sect.) 137
Nervosae (series) 137

Ocotea 133

Oreosycea (sect.) 137, 138, 139, 142,
143

Orthoneurae (series) 136

Palacomorpha (subsect.) 137
Pallidae (series) 137
Phaeopsilosae (series) 137
Pharmacosycea (sect.) 138
Pharmacosycea (subgen.) 133, 137
Plagiostigmaticae (series) 137
Plagiostigmaticae (subser.) 137
Platypodeae (subser.) 136
Podosyceae (series) 137
Podosyceae (subser.) 137
Psidium guajava 148, 149
Pungentes (series) 137

Religiosae (series) 136

Rhizocladus (sect.) 135, 137, 139, 157,
164

Rubiaceae 132

Rutales 133

Santalum album 149, 152

Scabrae (series) 137

Sideroxylon 133

Spirae 164

Spiraea 164

Sterculiaceae 133

Stilpnophyllum (sect.) 135, 136, 138,
139, 142

Superbae (series) 136

Sycidium (sect.) 133, 137

Sycidium (subsect.) 137

Sycocarpus (sect.) 137

Sycocarpus (subsect.) 137

Sycomorus (sect.) 137, 138

Sycomorus (subgen.) 133, 137

Theaceae 162

Theales 133

Tiliaceae 133
Tuberculifasciculatae (series) 137
Tuberculifasciculatae (subser.) 137

Ulmaceae 132

Urostigma (sect.) 135, 136, 138, 139, 147,
148, 157, 161, 162

Urostigma (subgen.) 133, 135, 136, 160,
161, 162, 164

Urticaceae 131

Variegatae (series) 137
Variegatae (subser.) 137
Varinga (subsect.) 137

D. HOLLIS & P. S. BROOMFIELD

INDEX

Invalid names are in italics; principal references are in bold.

Afrodynopsylla 135, 138, 139, 141 (key),
145, 146

Agaonidae 132

Agaoninae 132

altissimae (Caenohomotoma) 161

altissimae (Homotoma) 136, 161

angolensis 136, 159

Anisostropha 157

annesleae (Caenohomotoma) 162

annesleae (Homotoma) 162

Anomoneura 133, 134

Anomoneurinae 134

Aphalaridae 135, 142

Aphalarinae 133, 134

apsylloides (Macrohomotoma) 152

apsylloides (Pauropsylla) 152, 153

Australohomotoma 157

Austrodynopsylla 135, 138, 139, 141 (key),

142, 143, 144
Austrohomotoma 157

bakeri (Caenohomotoma) 164

bakeri (Caenohomotoma
sausia)) 164

bakeri (Homotoma) 136, 157, 164

bakeri (Metapsausia) 164

bambusae (Caenohomotoma) 162

bambusae (Caenohomotoma _ (Hetero-
homotoma)) 162

bambusae (Homotoma) 162

bamendae 160, 161

benjaminae (Caenohomotoma) 162

benjaminae (Homotoma) 136, 162

bilineata (Caenohomotoma) 165

bilineata (Caenohomotoma
sausia)) 165

bilineata (Homotoma) 137, 164

bilineata (Metapsausia) 165

biliniata 165

boheae (Caenohomotoma
homotoma)) 162

boheae (Homotoma) 162

brevigena 133

brunettii 136, 142

buxtoni 133, 137

(Metap-

(Metap-

(Caeno-

Caenohomotoma 157

Carsidaridae 135, 138, 140, 166

Carsidarinae 135, 156

Carsidarini 135, 142

carvalhoi 136, 154 (key), 155, 156

Ceropsylla 133, 134

Chalcidoidea 155

Charipidae 155

chlamydodora 136, 160, 161

chuanana (Caenohomotoma) 162

chuanana (Caenohomotoma (Psausia))
162

chuanana (Homotoma) 162

Ciriacreminae 135, 142

conchaiensis 137

cornuta 137, 143, 144 (key)

cornutiventris 137, 165, 166

Crawfordella 135, 143

Cynipoidea 155

Danainae 132

deflexa 137

depressa 137

Diceraeopsylla 142

Diceraopsylla 134, 135, 138, 139,
141 (key), 142

Diceraopsyllini 138, 141 (key), 142

Diclidophlebia 133

Dilyta 155

distincta (Caenohomotoma (Harrison-
ella)) 162

distincta (Homotoma) 136, 157, 158,
162

distincta (Psausia) 162

Drosophila 132

Dynopsilla 143

Dynopsylla 133, 134, 135, 138, 139,
141 (key), 142, 143, 145

Dynopsyllina 138, 141 (key), 143, 145

Dynopsyllinae 134, 135, 138, 141, 146,
147

Dynopsyllini 138, 141 (key), 142, 143,
148, 157

eastopi 161

Edenini 138, 141 (key), 147
Edenus 147, 148

encala 137, 144, 145
Encyrtidae 155

Epipsylla 133

etiennei 137, 154 (key), 156
Eulophidae 132

Euploea 132

Eurytomidae 132

fici (Mycopsylla) 136, 148, 149, 150
fici (Psylla) 148, 149

fici species-group 148, 150

ficicola (Pauropsylla) 133, 136, 137
ficicola (Trioza) 133

ficus (Anisostropha) 159

ficus (Chermes) 157, 159

ficus (Homotoma) 137, 158, 159, 160
ficus (Psylla) 157, 159

fima species-group 132

floccosa 137, 166

fulvida 133, 136

galbvittata (Caenohomotoma) 162
galbvittata (Homotoma) 137, 158, 162
gardenensis (Edenus) 148

gardenensis (Mycopsylla) 136, 148, 149,

150
gardenesis 148
geniculata 136, 152
gigantea 146, 147
gladiata 136, 151, 152
gladiatum 152
globuli 133, 136
grandis (Crawfordella) 144
grandis (Dinopsylla) 144
grandis (Dynopsylla) 137, 143 (key), 144

gressitti (Caenohomotoma) 165

gressitti (Caenohomotoma
homotoma)) 165

gressitti (Homotoma) 157, 165

(Austro-

Haplaphalara 133

Harrisonella 157

Heterohomotoma 157

Homotoma 134, 135, 138, 139,
141 (key), 157, 158 (key), 166

Homotomidae 132, 134, 135, 138, 140,
146, 147

Homotominae 134, 135, 138, 141 (key),
147, 156

Homotomini 135, 138, 140, 141 (key),
147, 156, 157

hylocola 137, 152

indica (Caenohomotoma) 163

indica (Homotoma) 136, 158, 162, 163
indica (Mycopsylla) 149

indica (Psausia) 162

kenyae 137, 154 (key), 156
kina 137, 148, 149

Labobracha 157

Labobrachia 135, 157, 158 (key)
lahui (Caenohomotoma) 163
lahui (Homotoma) 163

laingi 136, 154 (key), 155
lamborni (Rhinopsylla) 145, 146
lamborni (Triozamia) 133, 146
lambourni 146

Limenitinae 132

Lissocephala 132

Macrohomotoma 134, 135, 138, 139,
141 (key), 147, 151, 153, 154

Macrohomotominae 134, 138, 141 (key),
147

Macrohomotomini 138, 141 (key), 151

maculata (Homotoma) 137, 158, 163

maculata (Macrohomotoma) 152

maculata (Psausia) 163

magna 137, 152

magne 152

mangiferae (Caenohomotoma) 163

mangiferae (Homotoma) 163

Marpesiinae 132

mathuriana 136, 149

medleri 154 (key), 155

Metapsausia 135, 157, 158 (key)

minana 137, 152

Mycopsylla 134, 135, 138, 139, 141 (key),
147, 148

Mycopsyllini 148

Neolithus 146

nyasae (Macrohomotoma) 154

nyasae (Pseudoeriopsylla) 136, 153,
154 (key), 155

Nymphalidae 132

FICUS-FEEDING PSYLLIDS

obliqua 136, 148, 150
obliqua species-group 150
Ormyridae 132

pacifica (Homotoma) 157, 165

pacifica (Labobrachia) 165

Paurocephala 133, 134

Paurocephalinae 134

Pauropsylla 133, 134

Phacopteronidae 138

Phacopteronini 135, 147

Phytolyma 133, 134

pinnativena (Dynopsylla) 137, 143,
144 (key)

pinnativena (Dynopsylla
cladia)) 144

pinnativena (Sphingocladia) 143, 144

propinqua 151

proxima (Mycopsylla) 136, 148, 149,
150

proxima (Pauropsylla) 136

Psausia 135, 157, 158 (key)

Psausiini 157

Pseuderiopsylla 153

Pseudoeriopsylla 134, 135, 138, 139,
141 (key), 147, 151, 153, 154

Pseudoneptis 132

Psyllaephagus 155

Psyllidae 134

Psylloidea 132, 134, 135

psylloptera 137

Pteromalidae 132

pulchar 166

pulchra 166

pumilae 137

(Sphingo-

purpurescens 137
pyriformiscola (Caenohomotoma) 163
pyriformiscola (Homotoma) 137, 163

radiata (Caenohomotoma) 163

radiata (Homotoma) 136, 137, 157, 158,
163

radiata (Psausia) 163

radiata (Psausia (Homotoma)) 163

radiatum 163

robusta 136, 153

ruiliana (Caenohomotoma) 163

ruiliana (Homotoma) 137, 163

sandakana 153

secus 155

shuana (Caenohomotoma) 164

shuana (Caenohomotoma
homotoma)) 164

shuana (Homotoma) 164

sinica 136, 153

Sphingocladia 135, 143

spiraca 164

spiraea (Caenohomotoma) 157

spiraea (Caenohomotoma
homotoma)) 164

spiraca (Homotoma) 164

stevensi (Diceraeopsylla) 142

stevensi (Diceraopsylla) 142

stevensi (Pauropsylla) 142

striata 136, 137, 152, 153

Synoza 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141 (key),
158, 165, 166

Synoziini 165

Synozini 138, 140, 141 (key), 156, 165

(Hetero-

(Caeno-

183

trichaeta 137

Trioza 133, 134

Triozamia 133, 134, 135,
141 (key), 142, 145

Triozamiina 138, 141 (key), 143, 145,

146

Triozamiinae 145

Triozamiini 145

Triozamini 145

Triozidae 134, 135, 146

triozoptera 137

tuberculata 150

138, 139,

udei 137

unifasciata (Caenohomotoma) 164

unifasciata (Caenohomotoma_ (Caeno-
homotoma)) 164

unifasciata (Homotoma) 164

usambarensis 133, 146

viridis (Homotoma) 137, 159
viridis (Macrohomotoma) 137, 153
vondraceki 133, 146

willcocksi 137

williamsi 136, 153

wulinensis (Homotoma) 137, 158, 164
wulinensis (Psausia) 164

xishuangana (Caenohomotoma) 164
xishuangana (Homotoma) 137, 164

yunana 137, 153
yunnanica (Caenohomotoma) 164
yunnanica (Homotoma) 137, 164

Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 58(2): 185-226 Issued 26 October 1989

The species of Poecilominettia,
Homoeominettia and Floriminettia (Diptera:
Lauxaniidae) in Panama

ELCY C. BROADHEAD
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT

CONTENTS

IMRGQUUCUONE (f gmce cone ee Sk wo tn ee ee a oe ot LOS
FIONOUUCSET GMT. ct oem a te ee ee eee eee em
Material ee TART ee ee ee ee Ce ee ee ees LOT
avOnonnc characterise “se ee. oe ee eee ee ES SS
Genencevaluatonsy es ee ee eo eee ey ee ene” Toy
Key to the genera Poecilominettia, Floriminettia and Homoeominettia . . . . 188
RIGHIMAURENIGACCI 0) ee eek... Woe Seis eee Ce hare peg
Homoeominettia gen. n. MeL eeae:,. . Ve egw. Gaede cre 190
RoecHoOnUnciiaticndclawiie ines? . na es ee eee nia 2 lO
References AlAeoly easy foe et. .« \eaetieteeeirans Deroern 014 ent 210
Indexmiesane Piaectecsl Lk btdecrecek =. .olletecverers cee dw coe ure 226
Synopsis. Fifty-four species and 2 genera obtained by light-trapping and by fogging the

high canopy in forests of the Panama region are newly described. Fifty-one of these
species belong to the genus Poecilominettia. The character of the labellum is used for the
first time in taxonomic study and has proved useful in generic delineation. Species of
Floriminettia are not fungal grazers, but those of Poecilominettia and Homoeominettia
are. Analysis of the gut content indicates that 43 species living on the island of Barro
Colorado form a large guild feeding upon phylloplane fungi. Of these a group of 29 very
closely related and hitherto undescribed species are separated by examination of the male
genitalia. It is suggested that there may be a mutualistic association of lauxaniid flies with
the trees. Keys to the genera and species of Poecilominettia, Homoeominettia and Flo-

riminettia are provided.

INTRODUCTION

In Panama, flies of the family Lauxaniidae are
found, often in large numbers, in forest areas
where they have a close relationship with the
trees. Adults of a great many species in various
genera have a much modified labellum, enabling
them to feed upon phylloplane fungi (Broadhead,
1984), while their larvae live mainly as miners of
fallen leaves. Of these genera, Pseudogripho-
neura, Sapromyza, Xenochaetina, and Poecilo-
minettia in particular were found to be
represented by many undescribed and very closely
related species. This study is, however, limited

mainly to those of the last-named genus. An inter-
esting taxonomic problem was presented on the
island of Barro Colorado where a swarm of very
closely related species, hitherto undescribed,
belonging to the genus Poecilominettia was dis-
covered. An investigation of this prompted a
study of other material available to me from vari-
ous Panamanian sites. This paper comprises
descriptions of all the new species together with a
key to three genera encountered in the Panama
region, as well as keys to the species.

The family Lauxaniidae at present consists of
126 genera, few of which are worldwide in their
distribution. Major contributions to the tax-
onomic background of this family were made by

186

Malloch and Hendel working independently in
the 1920s and 30s, by Curran somewhat later on
Central American species, by Shewell on North
American species, and more recently by Stucken-
berg in his valuable monograph of the Old World
genera.

Stuckenberg (1971) pointed out that useful
characters for defining genera had not been forth-
coming and recommended that further studies
should be done on the post-abdomen. This applies
especially to Minettia, a genus worldwide in its
distribution, which Stuckenberg regarded as
probably not a monophyletic group but rather an
aggregation of species having in common an intra-
alar bristle. The genus Poecilominettia was cre-
ated by Hendel (1932) for certain Central Amer-
ican species which differed from those of Minettia
in respect of the position of the anterior frontal
and of the ocellar bristles, the type species being
picticornis. His definition of the genus Minettia
was later clarified by Collin (1948), who worked
on the British Lauxaniidae, and by Stuckenberg
(IGTAD).

In the present paper a contribution towards
further delineation of both Poecilominettia and
Minettia is offered, and as a result of these evalua-
tions certain species are removed and placed in a
new genus, Floriminettia. A second new genus,
Homoeominettia, is erected to accommodate
three species, two of which were originally
described by Malloch (1926) in Minettia. Sub-
sequently (1928) he placed all three in
Deutominettia, in spite of the fact that they did not
possess the haired scutellar disc characteristic of
that genus, but retained them in his key to the
species of Minettia (1928). Flies of the genus
Minettia s.str. were not represented in the collec-
tions studied here. In the key to genera, Minettia
s.Str. is therefore not included.

The taxonomic characters used in this study are
based on the male genitalia and the labellum,
along with the hairing of the arista and body mark-
ing. The large fleshy labellum of the Lauxaniidae
has not hitherto been used for taxonomic differen-
tiation. The evolution of the structures on the
borders of the pseudo-tracheal canals, along with
the increase in diameter of the canals resulting in a
reduction of their numbers, has enabled the flies
to crop and ingest solid food particles of fungal
matter. Such feeding habits are quite unusual in
adult Diptera.

The labellum of unique specimens was not
removed but, since the flies were preserved in
alcohol, this was gently opened out and the main
outlines of its morphology readily observed (Fig.
13D). The gut content was not removed in these
cases either, but the presence of fungal material

E. C. BROADHEAD

was easily recognised by the very dark gut showing
through the yellow integument.

BIONOMICS

Microscopic examination of the pseudo-tracheal
canals and of the gut content of all the species
described here, as well as picticornis and
zebroides, but with the exception of those species
represented by a single individual, revealed that
the food consisted of short lengths of fungal
hyphae and fungal spores and was virtually indis-
tinguishable from one species to another.

On the island of Barro Colorado, with an area
of 23 square kilometres, at least 43 species of the
genus Poecilominettia co-exist, all of which are
known to feed upon the same material, namely
phylloplane fungi. Within that group there are 29
species particularly closely related, which are dif-
ficult to separate except by examination of the
male genitalia, the structures of which are
remarkably varied. Particles of food found in the
pseudo-tracheal canals of the labellum and within
the gut are virtually indistinguishable from species
to species and consist of short lengths of fungal
hyphae and fungal spores. Such species diversity
cannot therefore be accounted for in terms of
selective pressures operating on food require-
ments. Broadhead (1983) found a similar situation
in Psocoptera collected in Panama. Curiously
enough the diet of the psocids and that of the
lauxaniid flies are almost identical. Mound (1977)
also found species swarms in fungal-feeding thrips
(Phlaeothripinae) in one site in southern Brazil.
These insects were feeding upon fungal hyphae
associated with leaf decay on the forest floor.

There is considerable interest among ecologists
at the present time in guilds of species. Shorrocks
& Rosewell (1986), working on Drosophila, have
concluded that, in laboratory conditions, guild-
size centres on an average of seven species, but in
the wild, such a guild would be two or three times
that size. The Drosophila species are of course
utilising various ephemeral resources, in contrast
to the lauxaniids which are feeding on self-
regenerating food material that is uniformly dis-
persed in space and time. The many species of
lauxaniid flies in the various genera present in the
rain forest of Barro Colorado Island would form
an enormous guild of size far greater than 21.

A large number of individuals of a hitherto
undescribed species of Drosophila found in the
light-trap samples from Barro Colorado Island
appear to have joined the lauxaniid guild, for the

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 187

adults have a labellum modified for fungal grazing
and indeed the gut, on microscopical examin-
ation, was found to be packed with short lengths
of fungal hyphae of the type found in the gut of the
lauxaniids.

Flies of the family Lauxaniidae are not regarded
as being of any economic importance. In fact it
would seem that they are behaving in a way bene-
ficial to the trees, by removing fungal hyphae that
reduce the amount of light penetrating the leaf
tissue - hyphae that might also facilitate the intro-
duction of plant diseases. There may well be here
the development of a mutualistic situation.
Although the larval habits of the species under
consideration here are not known, it is generally
accepted that the majority of larvae do develop
within the tissues of fallen leaves. I have bred
various species of British lauxaniids from leaf
mould in my garden. Odum (1963) thought that
several types of mutualism originate from neu-
tralistic associations.

| MATERIAL

_ Material for this study was obtained in Panama in
several ways, namely, from pyrethrum fogging
(July-August 1979) of the high canopy of forests
' in the Canal area, from light traps at Fortuna
_ (mountain valley), Miramar (coastal valley), and
| Barro Colorado Island (1976-83), as well as from
_ hand collecting.
In addition, a large collection of Lauxaniidae
_ from Central America, many not determined, was
made available for examination when the United
States National Museum in Washington kindly
_ sent me their specimens on a long term loan.
Type specimens and other material are
deposited in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory), abbreviated to BMNH, or in the National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
(USNM).

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

The taxonomic characters used in this study are
based on the male genitalia, the nature of the
labellum, and any markings, especially on the
face, frons and scutellum. Occasionally the ring
sclerite (7th abdominal segment) of the male
proved useful. Features of the female post-
abdomen were examined, but since no pairs were

captured in copula, it was not possible in most
cases to assign the females to any particular spe-
cies and so they were omitted from detailed study
here. This is especially true of the group of 29 very
closely related species of Poecilominettia found on
the island of Barro Colorado. Steyskal (1971), in
his study of species of the Minettia obscura group
in North America, found that the only useful
characters for separating five closely related spe-
cies were those of the male genitalia.

Part of the male genitalia was readily examined
without dissection, viz. the epandrium (dorsal
part of the periandrium), and the pair of articu-
lated lobes borne on the periandrium which func-
tion as claspers during copulation (variously
termed gonopods, telemeres, basimeres or para-
meres). It was necessary to mount the aedeagus
ona slide, however, in order to examine the inter-
nal structures. Usually the aedeagus is strength-
ened on the inner wall of its lobe-like structure by
sclerotised spines and by long chitinised rods
armed with posteriorly pointing spines. Occa-
sionally the aedeagus is a delicate inflatable sac,
similar to that observed in the family Celyphidae
which, according to Griffiths (1972), is grouped
with the Lauxaniidae into the superfamily
Lauxanioidea.

The hypandrium can in some cases be seen
without dissection, but usually its outline is best
observed on a slide since its structure is delicate.

In some species the ring sclerite is distinctive,
when its characteristic shape is a useful additional
item in defining the species.

The labellum is best examined microscopically.
This was done by dissecting off the ventral surface
and mounting it on a slide. The two halves, when
opened out and flattened, present a heart shape
which varies slightly from species to species. The
distal area bears upstanding structures in rows
along the borders of the pseudotracheal canals
(Figs 14, 15). These enable the flies to graze upon
phylloplane fungi, proof of which is readily
obtained by examination of the pseudo-tracheal
canals and gut content. This modification of the
feeding surface of the labellum has been described
for many species in various genera of Laux-
aniidae, both in Britain as well as Panama (Broad-
head, 1984). Fungal-feeding species of lauxaniid
flies have fewer and broader pseudo-tracheal
canals than liquid-feeding species (Broadhead,
1984).

GENERIC EVALUATIONS

Since the establishment of Minettia Robineau-
Desvoidy, 1830, with nemorosa (= rivosa) as type

188

species, the large number of species, whose only
common feature is the presence of an intra-alar
bristle, has been grouped into a number of genera.
Minettia s.str. has been defined most clearly and
most recently by Stuckenberg (1971) to include
those species with the following characters: an
intra-alar bristle, frons usually as wide as an eye,
face dull, wings rarely patterned, arista only short-
haired, ocelliin an equilateral triangle or nearly so
and quite widely spaced, ocellar bristles as wide
apart as the posterior ocelli and placed forwards
so that they are in line or almost in line with the
hind edges of the anterior ocellus. For the British
species, Collin (1932) noted that the ocellar bris-
tles are situated outside an imaginary line con-
necting the outer faces of the anterior and
posterior ocelli.

I propose to add two further characters, viz. the
presence of delicate upstanding structures in rows
along the borders of the pseudo-tracheal canals on
the distal half of the ventral surface of the
labellum, and pseudo-tracheal canals wide, well
strengthened by broad half hoops in the distal
areas, as well as being reduced in number. For the
type species rivosa there are 7 on each half of the
labellum. Although the broad half hoops of the
pseudo-tracheal canals can be readily seen, the
structures bordering them are delicate and best
shown on scanning electron micrograph (Broad-
head, 1984).

In Homoeominettia and Poecilominettia the half
hoops in the outer area of the labellum are not
wider than those of the basal area, and the struc-
tures associated with fungal grazing are well scle-
rotised and very easily observed.

Certain species currently placed in Minettia do
not fall within the definition of the genus and are
here transferred to other genera. Two species,
tinctinervis Malloch, 1926 (comb. n.) and fusciner-
vis Malloch, 1926) (comb. n.) are here placed in
Floriminettia gen. n., described below.

Three other species, geniseta Malloch, 1926,
approximata Malloch, 1928 and assimilis Malloch,
1926, were somewhat tentatively placed in
Deutominettia by Malloch, although geniseta and
assimilis were originally placed by him in Minettia.
All three do not have the striking feature of the
genus Deutominettia, namely a haired scutellar
disc. They have a shining face and long plumes on
the arista (features not characteristic of the genus
Minettia). For them I propose to erect Homo-
eominettia gen. n., also described below.

Two further species currently in Minettia, bru-
neicosta Malloch 1928, and quadrata Malloch,
1928, do not fall within the definition of the genus
Minettia s.str. in respect of the position of the
ocellar bristles. In addition, although the labellum

E. C. BROADHEAD

has a reduced number of pseudo-tracheal canals
with upstanding structures on the distal area, the
supporting half hoops are not broad as they are in
rivosa. I now place these two species (comb. n.) in
Poecilominettia along with 51 of the new species
described in this paper. Poecilominettia was
erected by Hendel (1932) for certain Central
American species that differed from Minettia
s.str. in that their anterior orbital bristles are
closer to the anterior border of the frons than to
the second orbital bristles, that the ocelli are
arranged in an isosceles triangle with the sockets
of the ocellar bristles close together and well
behind the anterior ocellus, and that the ocellar
bristles are short and divergent. The type species
is picticornis Coquillet, 1898.

I propose to add two further characters to this
diagnosis, namely, the presence of upstanding
structures in rows along the borders of the pseudo-
tracheal canals on the distal half of the ventral face
of the labellum, and pseudo-tracheal canals wide,
ranging in number from 9 to 12 on each half of the
labellum, the number being constant for each spe-
cies (Figs 14, 15).

The shape of the ocellar triangle is probably of
less significance here than the position of the ocel-
lar bristles on it, i.e., in Poecilominettia the ocellar
bristles are situated about half-way between the
anterior and posterior ocelli, the space between
them varying with the shape of the triangle formed
by the three ocelli. Hendel (1932) transferred a
number of species from Minettia to Poecilominet-
tia which do in fact have ocellar triangles varying
from isosceles to equilateral, but whose ocellar
bristles always have their sockets within an imag-
inary line drawn from the outer face of the ante-
rior to the posterior ocellus and situated at least
half-way between the anterior and posterior
ocelli.

KEY TO THE GENERA
POECILOMINETTIA, FLORIMINETTIA
AND HOMOEOMINETTIA

1 Fronto-facial angle about 90°. Anterior orbital bristle
equidistant from anterior border of frons and pos-
terior orbital bristle. Labellum with 20 narrow
pseudo-tracheal canals on each half, which do not
bear any upstanding structures . FLORIMINETTIA

— Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Anterior orbital bristle
nearer to anterior border of frons than to posterior
orbital bristle. Labellum with considerably fewer,
wide pseudo-tracheal canals on each half, bearing
upstanding structures on their borders on distal
Area cWSAL, SS SSS eee 2

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 189

2 Ocellar bristles long, almost parallel and directed for-
wards. Arista with long plumes. Yellow flies without
dark markings on face, frons or scutellum. Body
length not less that 5.5 mm_ ..HOMOEOMINETTIA

— Ocellar bristles short and divergent. Arista more fre-
quently with short hairs, but if with long plumes, then
distinct black markings on face, frons and scutellum,
and thorax with black stripes. Predominantly yellow
flies. Body length 4.5 mm or less.

POECILOMINETTIA

FLORIMINETTIA gen. n.

Type SPECIES: Floriminettia coronata sp. n.
DiaGnosis. An intra-alar bristle, anterior part of
frons drawn out to form a small peak between
antennal bases, face shining centrally with silvery
dusting at eye margin, labellum with 20 narrow
pseudo-tracheal canals on each half, without any
upstanding structures on their borders, wings with
veins outlined, arista with hairing of medium
length, ocellar bristles placed well behind anterior
ocellus and fairly close together.

Key to species of Floriminettia

1 Scutellum with black spots at apex. One large triangu-
lar spot centrally on Sth abdominal tergite. Wings with
costal infuscation and all other veins strongly outlined

fuscinervis (Malloch)

— Scutellum without marks at apex ............... 2

2 3rd antennal segment oval, twice as long as wide. Two
lateral spots on Sth abdominal tergite. Wings with
costal infuscation and all other veins strongly outlined

tinctinervis (Malloch)

_ — 3rd antennal segment tapering, three times as long as

_ width at base. No spots on abdominal tergites. Wings

without costal infuscation and all veins distinct but

PENI UM RR ahd ie: ecg alin sieincte tes coeds sfsigne eign jorene cee 3

Ww

Thorax with central brown stripe and broken stripe on
either side. Anterior part of frons produced upwards
centrally at antennal bases. Body length 6 mm

ficulnea sp. n.
— Thorax not striped. Anterior part of frons barely pro-
duced upwards at antennal bases. Body length 7 mm

coronata sp. Nn.

Floriminettia coronata sp. n.

Large yellow fly. Body length 7 mm. All bristles
strong.

Head yellow with face keeled centrally. Fronto-
facial angle about 90°. Frons wider anteriorly and

drawn out to form small peak between antennal
bases. Antennal segments 1 and 2 slightly longer
than wide, segment 3 long-oval (3 times width)
and covered with hairs, the dorsal ones being half
width of segment. Aristal hairs medium long.
Orbital plates shining, closer together anteriorly
than posteriorly. Anterior orbital bristles shorter
than posterior. Ocellar plate yellow. Face shining
centrally, with silver dusting along eye margin.
Eyes red, oval. Palps yellow. Labellum with 20
narrow pseudo-tracheal canals on each half which
do not bear any upstanding structures. Thorax
unstriped, orange-yellow with scutellum paler and
edged with fine dark border. Acrosticals in 8 rows.
Prescutellars reaching as far as scutellum apex.
Wings slightly smoky yellow, veins dark yellow.
Legs yellow. Four postero-ventral bristles, 5
postero-dorsals, 3 nearly true dorsals on femur
1; 6 very sturdy short bristles antero-ventrally
on apical half and one posterior bristle apically on
femur 2; 4 strong proclinate bristles antero-ven-
trally on femur 3. Ring of strong spines apically on
tibia 2. Dorsal pre-apical of tibia 2 much stronger
than that of other tibiae. Abdomen same colour as
thorax without marks dorsally, other than fine
darkened borders posteriorly on tergites. Paler
ventrally and sparsely haired. Ring sclerite (7th
abdominal segment) yellow.

Male genitalia (Fig. 13E, F). Clasper small with
hooked tip. Hypandrium with long pointed pro-
cesses. Aedeagus bilobed at tip and containing
very small spines. No mark on epandrium.

Female similar to male.

Hototyre. O', Barro Colorado Island: iii. 1983,
light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. Panama: 4 ©’, Panama City end of
Panama canal, vii. 1979, fogging high canopy; 2
©’, Barro Colorado Island, xi. 1982, light-trap, v.
1983; 1 9, Barro Colorado Island, x. 1982, light-
trap (all BMNH).

Floriminettia ficulnea sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 6 mm. All bristles strong.

Head yellow with face keeled centrally, shining
but with silver dusting along eye margin. Fronto-
facial angle about 90°. Frons wider anteriorly and
produced upwards at antennal bases, and drawn
out to form small peak between antennal bases.
Antennal segments 1 and 2 slightly longer than
wide, segment 3 long-oval and tapering (3 times
width at base) and covered with hairs. Arista with
short hairs. Anterior orbital bristle shorter than
posterior. Orbital plates shining, closer together
anteriorly than posteriorly. Ocellar plate yellow.
Ocellar bristles short, divergent. Frons orange-

190

yellow. Palps yellow. Labellum with 20 pseudo-
tracheal canals on each half which do not bear any
upstanding structures. Thorax with a central
brown stripe and a broken stripe on either side.
Acrosticals in 12 irregular rows. Prescutellars
reaching to the apex of the scutellum. Wings
faintly yellowish with veins yellow. Legs yellow.
Femur 1 with 7 bristles irregularly on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex
and 6 bristles posteriorly; femur 2 with 6 bristles
antero-ventrally, one strong posterior bristle, a
row of long hair-like bristles on apical half, 6
bristles irregularly antero-ventrally; femur 3 with
arow of hair-like proclinate bristles on apical half,
and one strong bristle postero-dorsally near apex.
Tibia 2 with dorsal pre-apical, ventral apical bris-
tle and apical spines all very strong. Abdomen
yellow, without marks.

Male genitalia not dissected, since holotype
somewhat fragile.

Female similar to male.

Ho.otyre. ©’, Panama; Barro Colorado Island,
ex fruit of wild Ficus, x. 1937 (Zetek no. 4421, Lot
no. 39 11659) (USNM).

ParATyPE. | 2, same data as holotype.

These two specimens are labelled in pencil ‘“Nimet-
tia immaculata type’ but without any author's
name. They do not exhibit the characters of the
genus Nimettia and clearly are closely related to
the other species of Floriminettia.

HOMOEOMINETTIA gen. n.

Type species. Deutominettia assimilis Malloch,
1926.

DiaGcnosis. An intra-alar bristle, face shining,
arista with long plumes, anterior orbital bristle
nearer to anterior border of frons than to second
orbital bristle, length of third antennal segment at
least 2.5 times width, ocellar bristles long, almost
parallel and directed forwards, their sockets situ-
ated about half-way between anterior and pos-
terior ocelli and well separated, ocelli arranged in
an isosceles triangle, spines usually present on mid
tibia postero-ventrally, labellum with reduced
number of pseudo-tracheal canals bearing
upstanding structures on distal half of ventral
surface.

Key to species of Homoeominettia

1 Abdomen with dark markings on tergites. No spines
postero-ventrally on mid tibia. Third segment of ante-
nna long oval (3 times width). Body length 8 mm

woldae sp. n.

E. C. BROADHEAD

— Abdomen without markings. Spines present postero-
dorsally on mid tibia. Third segment of antenna
shorter, oval (2.5 times width). Body length about 5.5

2 Three or four long spines on mid tibia postero-ven-

tral: -</...48 sa tiass Getto eres assimilis (Malloch)
— Seven to nine short spines on mid tibia postero-ven-
PCAN Y os: «a ncnua aici op Stegsbe sch eaa arceee 3

Ww

Wings with distinct clouds on cross-veins
appoximata (Malloch)

— Wings without clouds on cross-veins

geniseta (Malloch)

Homoeominettia woldae sp. n.

Large dark yellow fly, lightly grey-dusted. Body
length 8 mm.

Head with face profile almost flat. Fronto-facial
angle obtuse. No marks on face or frons. Ocellar
plate darkened. Palps dark yellow. Antenna
yellow, segment 3 long-oval (3 times width), with
long plumes on arista. Labellum elongate heart-
shaped with 16 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
half. Thorax with 3 thin dark stripes. Acrosticals
in 12 irregular rows. No spots on scutellum. Pre-
scutellars reaching to just over half-way to apex of
scutellum. Thoracic segments finely bordered in
black. Halteres yellow. Wings dark yellow with
costal streak continued into vein 4, half-way to
outer cross-vein, and with brown round spots on
cross-veins. Legs dark yellow; 6 bristles postero-
dorsally and 6 postero-ventrally on femur 1; 5
short stout bristles antero-ventrally on femur 2;
row of hairs apically antero-ventrally on femur 3.
Abdomen dark yellow with 3 triangular marks and
dark posterior borders on all but anterior tergite.
Very pale ventrally. Ring sclerite dark, complete.

Male genitalia small (Fig. 5A). Epandrium
without black spot. Clasper with two-clawed tip.
Hypandrium with 2 processes. Aedeagus with
rods inside and small hook dorsally some distance
from tip.

Female similar to male with genital segments all
yellow.

Ho.otyPe. CO’, Panama: Fortuna, vii. 1976, from
light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. Panama: 2 O’, 7 2, same data but xi.
1976, 1. 1977, ii..1977, x. 1977, vit: 1978, xen
iv. 1979 (BMNH).

POECILOMINETTIA Hendel

Type species: Sapromyza picticornis Coquillet, by
monotypy.

191

Hypandrium almost flat centrally (Fig. 4B) (Barro
ColoradoiIsland)) 2 Fj e a aes a> cordata sp. n.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA

Key to species of Poecilominettia from
Panama and neighbouring regions

1 At least segment two of antenna black, thorax dis-
tinctly striped
— All segments of antenna yellow or yellowish, thorax
SIMPECOMMOUSIMIDER 9... .e enc eee e es ons ree 14

i)

Two basal segments of antenna black .......... 3
— Only segment two of antenna black, palps yellow,
no stripes on sternopleuron or mesopleuron
(Barro Colorado Island) ........ fungivora sp. n.

Ww

Wings with conspicuous markings in addition to
clouding over cross-veins . tripuncticeps (Malloch)
— Wings unmarked apart from possible clouding over
ETI MSRTISMENS ces NEST iG cosa eye s.s.613. ah er eakers ages 4

4 Six thoracic stripes

Thoracic stripes distinct
Thoracic stripes absent or at most very faint ... 18

Wings with distinct marks in addition to clouding on

cross-veins octovittata (Williston)

Wings unmarked apart from clouding on cross-veins
16

Pleurae with stripes
Pleurae without stripes

BA. WORT TR 17

Palps yellow, abdominal tergites with dark posterior
borders and central marks. Clasper of male large,
wider than long, aedeagal internal spines very con-
voluted (Fig. 3A) zebroides Hendel
Palps black. Abdominal tergites without dark pos-
terior borders, but with central marks. Clasper of

BRGME THORACIC SETIPES i siz. .ic vice eid vlele ees ene es 5 male rounder (Fig. 2F), aedeagal spines less con-
SUIS ANWATOMONOS DIMES. oc. cne cs ded sna ee eons 6 Se te ee aa bare
= ASV RIGUNTUITS (orga) °c) Cie ae eee 7 ee

6 Acrosticals in 10 rows, frons slightly longer than

18

|

No marks on scutellum
Two black marks at apex of scutellum which may

DSRS crate <evastersyeya) dae ee aie picticornis (Coquillet) ; : ;
— Acrosticals in 6 rows, frons slightly shorter than COnEiiae wnedericatht, NS iiatk on Hee" <."..'-. =
[SUGGS nena te See cee sexiseriata Hendel IGE Black centralumark OM tAGe... cwitteccus.< care soehese 20
7 Thoracic stripes extending as far as apex of SarIN CYP AK GOEL CACC. pie cates tuna lobia: sFaxe epee vaiis ts ausue 23
scutellum, even if faintly after suture .......... 8 20 Wings extensively marked (Fig. 1), greyish yellow

— Thoracic stripes not continuing as far as apex of
scutellum

oo

Small species (body length 2.0-2.5 mm)
— Larger species (body length 4 mm) (Fortuna)
spinosa sp. Nn.

— Clasper of male smaller, not black, produced to form
two claws, the lower one with curled tip.

species with single central dark spot on each of last
three abdominal tergites. Body length 4.25 mm.
(BOUIN aces caustic eatievereie Oar eesscie dha dis fumida sp. 0.
Wings unmarked apart from any clouding on cross-
veins. Body length 2.0-2.5 mm.

9 Thoracic stripes distinctly marked throughout entire a pe FOrgHeS eee pesiengr pongo
length, no conspicuous black spines at base of eee oregerelecue (Ete) omnia)
MEMES TO IAL oy cncuagaiehene syoitiays agsinie oxo nae 228 10 tay eal torhit shout aack eee

— Thoracic stripes becoming fainter after suture, con- Ser ee eed se oe eee cas
Epieuous black spines at base of aedeagus of male Male genitalia distinctive: aedeagus with one pro-

i jecting spine and numerous strongly sclerotised
infem~ealspines (iosGh. CG) Svecccs ores s ose 22

10 No dark marks on lateral borders of abdominal ster- 2 Mal | ith tea Bt Bacall
nites, clasper of male broad and delicate (Fig. 2A) Sl ee Coe Lp asa,
(Barro Colorado Island) .......... trigona sp. n. epee DOME) ess SHO: lone ama sen avomamain

— Dark borders present laterally on last abdominal ee eee aca ee
sternite, clasper delicate but less broad (Fig. 2B) : ; Seok te eae
(Barro Colorado Island) ...... membranosa sp. n. — Male clasper without sclerotised tooth, epandrial

black spot chevron-shaped, hypandrium with two

1 Black spines at base of aedeagus of male as long as processes (Fig. 6B) (Barro Colorado Island)
aedeagus (Fig. 4D, F) (Miramar) .... virgea sp. n. pygmaea sp. n.

— Black spines at base of aedeagus of male about one 3 Wi ieuett 5
quarter of length of aedeagus (Fig. 4C) (Barro Col- ee eee: See eee pe Aenea agi seie aete s :
CHAGOIS EG) Wen oeepeesuoneogeuc: cornuta sp. n. pe erie eo str iairir nee * 25

12 Palps dark at base only. Clasper of male produced to 24 Ring sclerite of male black, conspicuous and com-
form two claws, the lower one broader and not plete (Fig. 12E), tip of clasper pointed (Fig. SE)
curled. Hypandrium distinctly indented in centre RR Ortenial etn settee iam circularis sp. n.
(Fig. 4A) (Barro Colorado Island) .. epacra sp. n. - Ring sclerite of male black, less conspicuous and

= Palps entirely black 2/0107) 020.0000 cok. 13 incomplete (Fig. 12F), tip of clasper rounded (Fig.

; 51s) \(Bortuna)) ie certex oeitereemine -t ungulata sp. n.

13 Clasper of male very large, black and sickle-shaped

(Fig. 3Fb) (Barro Colorado Island) . falcata sp. n. 25 Wings with distinct dark markings. Extreme apices

of hind femur black. Male genitalia as in Fig. SB
(Hortuna)|.. can. ace eteacnicleae nigriapica sp. Nn.

192

Ww
paar

32

33

34

Wings not marked apart from possible clouding on

ChOSSVSUMG) «. crctewsmnstihes eaih ay hohe 2 ee Eire 26
Very small species (body length 2.5 mm)...... aay
Larger species (body length 4.0-4.5mm) ..... 28

Arista bare. Male genitalia as in Fig. 6D (Gatun)
silvicola sp. n.
Arista with short hairs. Male genitalia as in Fig. 13B,
C. (Gatun) gatuna sp. n.

Abdominal tergites with posterior dark bands. Male

genitalia as in Fig. 1D (Fortuna) .... obtusa sp. n.

Abdominal tergites without posterior dark bands.
29

Thorax with indistinct stripes not reaching beyond
second dorso-central bristle. Male genitalia as in Fig.
5C. (Fortuna) lineolata sp. n.
ihoraxwithoutistiipesies se mcr pater ere 30

Frons as long as broad ...........
Frons broader than long

Wing with very dark costal area becoming less dark
posteriorly bruneicosta (Malloch)
Wine MO URUS, ar ets mis cners ace ay spekereece-uneis een cose 52

Wing with seven large dark marks
quadrata (Malloch)
BOOS cele Sato Deno Mia earia 33

Wing yellow. Abdominal tergites with narrow dark

bands posteriorly. Scutellum finely bordered in
black. Male genitalia as in Fig. 5D (Fortuna)

circumtexta sp. 0.

Wing hyaline, at most, cross-veins slightly clouded

34

Wing not thus

Black marks at tip of scutellum very small (less than
twice diameter of bristle socket) and distinctly cir-
cular in shape grata (Wiedemann)
Black marks at tip of scutellum much larger and
more irregular in shape (Barro Colorado Island)

effossa group

Key to species of the effossa group in the
Panama Canal area

Males only

These 29 species have been obtained from the
light-trap on Barro Colorado Island. Two of them
have also been obtained from fogging the high
canopy, membranosa from the Atlantic end, fla-
vescens from both the Atlantic and Pacific ends of
the Panama Canal. These 29 closely related spe-
cies of Poecilominettia have been assigned to the
effossa group on the basis of the following charac-
ters: ocellar bristles short, divergent, with their
sockets situated half-way between anterior and
posterior ocelli, short hairs on arista, body colour
yellow without markings except for two black
spots at apex of scutellum and one on epandrium.

1

Clasper delicate, without dark sclerotisation .... 2
Clasper with dark sclerotisation

tw

=

Nn

lon}

— Clasper not thus

—

lo)

\o

1

—

15

E. C. BROADHEAD

Clasper widening out from base (Fig. 11A, D) .. 3
Clasper not widening out from base (Fig. 7G) .. 4

Group of bristles at base of clasper (Fig. 11A)
papillata sp. n.

No bristles present at base of clasper (Fig. 11D)
foliacea sp. n.

Hypandrium with three processes (Fig. 7G)
fimbriata sp. n.
Hypandrium with two short processes (Fig. 7L)
semilunata sp. n.

Claspers, in natural position, with sclerotised edge of
one forming, along with that of the other, a distinc-
tive scalloped border (Fig. 7M) effossa sp. n.
Glaspers' notithus® 22545 :..2 eee eee 5 6

Clasper curved, with long axis lying intwo planes 7
ab id a a 2 ee ER gs 11

Group of two or three strong spines at base of clasper

(Fig. 8A, C)

No spines present at clasper base (Fig. 10F)
chelata sp. n.

Hypandrium with two processes and indentation
centrally
Hypandrium with three processes

Clasper pointed at tip, aedeagus large, containing a
number of sclerotised rods. No mark on frons
maniculata sp. n.
Clasper not pointed, aedeagus smaller, containing
rows of small spines. Frons with dark mark on ante-
rior edge (Fig. 8C, F) notata sp. n.

The three processes of hypandrium very short and of
equal length (Fig. 8H) plicata sp. n.
Outer processes of hypandrium longer than central
one and bearing small spines (Fig. 81).

flavescens sp. n.

Clasper tip pointed
Clasper tip rounded

Hypandrium with six processes, two pairs pointing
anteriorly and one curved pair pointing posteriorly

(Pig. WG) e225 eee sexiprojecta sp. n.
Hypandrium with fewer than six processes .... 13
Hypandrium with four processes ............. 14
Hypandrium with fewer than four processes ... 15

Central pair of processes of hypandrium about half
length of outer pair which are straight (Fig. 8G)
quadriprojecta sp. n.
Central pair of processes of hypandrium less than
one-quarter length of outer pair which are curved
inwards) (ios 101) seemie ee erymna sp. n.
Hypandrium with three processes
Hypandrium with two processes

Central process of hypandrium short, the outer pair
curving outwards (Fig. 9K) curvata sp. 0.
Central process of hypandrium almost as long as
outer pair or considerably longer ............ il7/

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 193

17 Outer processes of hypandrium approximately same
length as central one which is lobed (Fig. 8K). Outer

processes without spines. Aedeagus, when
extended, with two laterally projecting spines (Fig.
RIL): oc Sees reece eee vibrata sp. n.

— Outer processes of hypandrium much shorter than
central one. Outer processes each with subterminal
SPIOS CHI LZ DD)! Ri Hote fel shinee alates site 18

18 Outer processes of hypandrium narrowly pointed,
spines not projecting beyond apex of process (Fig.
12D). Clasper curved, and with sclerotised tip (Fig.
WOMEN MMP oty ay f2 2058S cays dre Chole dia a dwelR ses acuta sp. n.

— Outer processes of hypandrium less narrowly
pointed, spines projecting beyond apex of process
(Fig. 12C). Clasper not curved and tip not sclerotised
(1716), 122\)) soa es ane folleata sp. n.

19 Processes of hypandrium visible in lateral view (Fig.
11H), clasper with three small spines at base (Fig.

iL) 7 ata leeeet aetna goer parouatia sp. n.
— Processes of hypandrium not visible in lateral view
20

20 The two processes of hypandrium wellseparated 21
— The two processes of hypandrium close together and

Se Gd (LEN a uncata sp. n.

21 Abdominal sternites with bristles sparse and small
EME ME Te ace, clears agseots, syserds ss So) soKouozere “ake 22

— Abdominal sternites with bristles denser and larger
(Lit. SH) 5 eee gemetiglith ca een cert pectinata sp. n.

22 Processes of hypandrium long and with one bristle on

PEG NACC (ETE 9G)! ane oe cic eye oie calva sp. n.

— Processes of hypandrium disposed outwards and
with two bristles on outer face (Fig. 10H).

aurita sp. n.

2

Ww

Genitalia large and striking. Hypandrium with
roughly triangular processes visible from dorsal view
(1 Pp, (6) ie 8) ar enormis sp. n.
MemtalaMOtthus: . ic. ce eels tee sees 24

2

-

Epandrial black spot square in shape ......... 25
Epandrial black spot not square in shape, the ante-
rior edge narrower than posterior ............ 26

25 Clasper with broad darkly sclerotised border (Fig.
5: 2))) thi GrencceRee eae Ao ee legnota sp. n.
Clasper with only a very small area of dark sclerotisa-
tion (Fig. 10A), small protuberance at clasper base

biprojecta sp. n.

26 Clasper very large and broadening out from the base

MEE MONT) ii. 3 vhs Teg aes eS remata sp. n.
SEMLASPEIVMOD CMS: t/ha de citco lene sre teiciale tiersious <a 27
27 Clasper with domed tip and sclerotised tooth lower
BUNA (EIG, TC) ek ote ne ne oe fornicata sp. n.
Pm@lasper not domed! s.0... cess date ccdereres 28

28 Clasper broadly truncate at tip (Fig. 10D). The two
processes of hypandrium short and indented at tip
(LP TON) ae ee eM 5c i ea lagenata sp. n.

— Clasper rounded at tip with subterminal sclerotised
area. The two processes of hypandrium elongate and
directed ventrally. Aedeagus foot-shaped. (Fig.
Pe Ds FE) Scars M eomenes sd pone 2 pedata sp. n.

Descriptions of new species of
Poecilominettia

In all species the dorsal pre-apical bristle and the
ventral apical bristle of the mid tibia are very
much stronger than those of the other tibiae. In
addition, the mid tibia has a ring of short but
strong spines at the apex. Where only one speci-
men was available, the labellum was not removed
so that the exact number of pseudo-tracheal
canals could not be counted. The structural modi-
fications of the labellum could nevertheless be
easily seen under the microscope. The number of
sternopleural bristles is always 2.

Poecilominettia acuta sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 3 mm.

Head yellow with distinct dark mark below eye on
cheek. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Head not shin-
ing except orbital and ocellar plates. Eyes green.
Palps yellow. Labellum slightly elongated heart-
shaped. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Thorax orange-yellow, unstriped.
Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutellar bristles reach-
ing to over half-way to apex of scutellum.
Scutellum paler, especially at tip. Two scutellar
spots mainly below, with narrow dark border in
between. Halteres yellow. Wings faintly yellowish
with cross-veins only very slightly darkened. Legs
paler; femur | with 7 bristles on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 5
bristles posteriorly, and 5 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 strong short spines ant-
ero-ventrally and one bristle posteriorly at apex;
femur 3 with 5 proclinate hairs apically antero-
ventrally. Abdomen paler orange-yellow. Bristles
all delicate. Dorsally the anterior half of tergites
bare and posteriorly the small bristles irregularly
arranged. Posterior rims not darkened.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper with sclerotised pointed tip and
curved over at base (Fig. 12B). Hypandrium with
3 processes, central one long and pointed (Fig.
12D), and outer pair each with a bristle. Aedeagus
elongated, narrow but enlarged somewhat at tip
and containing many fine sclerotised rods.

Ho.otyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
11.1983, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPE. 1 CO’, same data.

Poecilominettia aurita sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow without markings except brownish
patch below eye and darkened mouth rim on

194

labrum. Eyes red. Head not shining except ocellar
and orbital plates. Fronto-facial angle obtuse, fac-
ial profile slightly convex. Palps yellow.
Labellum, elongated heart-shaped. All antennal
segments yellow. Aristal hairs short. Thorax
strong orange-yellow. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Pre-
scutellar bristles reaching to over half-way to apex
of scutellum. Scutellum not paler except at
extreme apex, with two black spots at tip which is
pointed between apical bristles. Halteres yellow.
Wings yellowish with veins yellow and cross-veins
darkened. Legs yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 5 posteriorly, and 6 long bristles
postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 4 strong bristles
anteriorly and 1 posteriorly at apex; femur 3 with 6
proclinate hairs apically antero-ventrally. All bris-
tles strong. Abdomen paler than thorax. No
marks but a noticeable banding effect produced
by absence of bristles on anterior half of tergites.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot approx-
imately square. Clasper with sclerotised tip and
group of spines at base (Fig. 13Aa). Hypandrium
with two widely separated processes (Fig. 10H)
bearing spines. Aedeagus flat and broad at tip and
containing bent rods (Fig. 13Ab)

Ho.otyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xii. 1982, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia biprojecta sp. n.
Small bright yellow fly. Body length 3 mm.

Head yellow, not shining, except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Face profile
slightly convex. No marks except slightly
darkened anterior border of frons. Eyes red and
round. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Palps yellow. Labellum oval in shape
with 9 pseudotracheal canals on each half. Thorax
orange-yellow with two faint brown stripes, reach-
ing as far as suture. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Pre-
scutellar bristles reaching to apex of scutellum.
Scutellum not paler, with the two apical black
spots mainly below. Halteres pale yellow. Wings
faintly yellow with veins yellow. Distinct I-shaped
marks on cross-veins surrounded by clouds. Legs
pale yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 4
small bristles posteriorly, 5 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 strong short spines ante-
riorly, 1 bristle posteriorly at apex; femur 3 with 5
proclinate hairs antero-ventrally. Abdomen paler
than thorax. No marks. Ventrally paler still with
small delicate bristles on sternites.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper somewhat rounded with pro-

E. C. BROADHEAD

tuberance at base bearing spines (Fig. 10A).
Hypandrium with two processes pointing laterally
and with bristles on outer face (Fig 10C).
Aedeagus broad, delicate, containing several deli-
cate rods.

Ho.otyre. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
11.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia calva sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4.25 mm.

Head not shining except ocellar and orbital plates.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Face profile slightly
convex. Eyes shot red-green. Palps yellow.
Labellum slightly pointed heart-shaped with 9
pseudotracheal canals on each side. Brownish
mark on labrum at mouth rim. All antennal seg-
ments yellow. Aristal hairs short. Thorax orange-
yellow. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutellar bristles
reaching to apex of scutellum. Halteres yellow.
Wings yellowish. All veins yellow. Legs pale
yellow with distal rim of tibiae darkened. Femur 1
with 8 bristles on row curving from postero-dor-
sally at base to dorsally at apex, 9 short bristles
posteriorly, and 6 long bristles postero-ventrally;
femur 2 with 5 short, stout spines antero-ventrally
and 1 bristle posteriorly at apex; femur 3 with 7
proclinate hairs apically antero-ventrally.
Abdomen with posterior segments darkened.
Rims of tergites not dark. Sternites sparsely
haired (Fig. 91).

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper small with tip sclerotised (Fig.
9C). Hypandrium with short central process and
pair of long outer curved processes bearing a spine
(Fig. 9Gb). Aedeagus large, flat at tip and con-
taining sturdy spined rods (Fig. 9Ga).

Ho.otyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 9 ©, same data but also 1.1983,
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia chelata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Face profile
flat. No marks on frons. Ocellar plate yellow.
Eyes red shot green. Antennal segments all
yellow. Aristal hairs short. Palps yellow.
Labellum slightly elongate heart-shaped with 8
pseudo-tracheal canals on each half. Thorax
orange-yellow with two faint thin stripes reaching
as far as scutellum. Scutellum with two black
spots, mainly underneath. Prescutellars reaching

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA

to tip of scutellum. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Wings
slightly smoky with cross-veins darker. Legs
yellow, not pale; femur 1 with 5 bristles postero-
dorsally, 6 long bristles postero-ventrally, and 5
shorter bristles posteriorly; femur 2 with 5 short
stout spines antero-ventrally and 1 bristle posteri-
orly at apex; femur 3 with 6 proclinate hairs api-
cally antero-ventrally. All bristles strong.
Abdomen same colour as thorax. No marks on
tergites but with brown posterior rims on seg-
ments 3, 4 and 5.

Male genitalia (Fig. 1OF, G). Epandrial black
spot narrow, widening posteriorly (Fig. 10Fa).
Clasper very thin, long and claw-like (Fig. 1OFb).
Aedeagus (Fig. 10Fc) with sac rounded at tip and
containing rods and small spines. Hypandrium
(Fig. 10G) with 2 short processes.

Ho.otyee. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
i.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 2 ©, same data but i.,
(BMNH).

iv. 1983

Poecilominettia circularis sp. n.

Dull dark yellow fly with grey dusting. Body
length 4.5 mm.

Head dark yellow with grey dusting. Face profile
flat. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. No central spot
on face, but dark mark below eye on cheek, and
darkened mouth rim. Palps pale yellowish.
Labellum with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
half. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal hairs
short. Frons with central yellow stripe, darker
stripe on either side. Ocellar plate dark. Thorax
yellow with 4 greyish brown stripes, the inner pair
extending as far as suture, the outer pair half-way
to suture. Acrosticals in 10 rows. Prescutellars
reaching to just over half-way to scutellum apex.
All bristles strong. All segments finely edged
black. Wings yellow. Legs yellow, femora paler
than rest; femur 1 with 4 strong bristles postero-
ventrally, 6 on row curving from postero-dorsally
at base to dorsally at apex, 6 posteriorly; femur 2
with strong short spines antero-ventrally and 1
bristle posteriorly towards apex; femur 3 without
proclinate hairs apically antero-ventrally; tibia 2
with dorsal pre-apical and ventral apical bristles
very strong and with ring of spines at apex.
Abdomen with distinctive markings: central line
and roughly triangular marks laterally, and black
posterior rim on tergites, the marks becoming
progressively thinner towards posterior. Ventral
surface pale with yellow sternites. Ring sclerite
very distinct, black and quite complete (Fig. 12E).

Male genitalia (Fig. SE). Epandrial black spot
almost square. Clasper large with fine pointed

105

sclerotised tip. Aedeagus short with rounded tip
and containing central spine and other structures.
Hypandrium with two sclerotised processes.

HovotyPe. O', Panama: Fortuna, 11.1978, light-
trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 2 O’, same data; 3 9, same data buti.,
ii.1978, iv.1979 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia circumtexta sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 3.5 mm.

Head orange-yellow, not shining. Mouth rim
darkened. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Slightly
darker stripe between eye margin and facial small
hairs. Ocellar plate darkened. Antennal segments
all yellow, aristal hairs short. Palps yellow.
Labellum with few pseudo-tracheal canals.
Thorax orange with five faint stripes. Acrosticals
in 8 rows. Scutellum with small spots apically, also
outlined finely along anterior border. Prescutel-
lars damaged in holotype. Wings suffused yellow,
veins dark yellow. Knobs of halteres large, pale
yellow. Legs yellow; femur | with 7 bristles on row
curving from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally
at apex, 6 posteriorly, 6 postero-ventrally; femur 2
with 6 short, stout spines antero-ventrally and 1
bristle posteriorly at apex; femur 3 with 4 procli-
nate bristles apically antero-ventrally; tarsus 3
with longer than usual scale-like hairs ventrally.
Abdomen with tergites distinctly bordered black
posteriorly. Ventrally paler with sternites well
bristled. Ring sclerite yellow.

Male genitalia (Fig. 5D). Epandrial black spot
roughly triangular. Clasper blunt, somewhat
square at edge (Fig. 5Dc). Hypandrium scle-
rotised, presenting a shallow curved outline when
viewed from posterior position. Aedeagus beak-
like, sturdy (Fig. 5Db).

Ho.ortyPe. ©’, Panama: Fortuna, 1x.1976, light-
trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia cordata sp. n.

Yellow fly with black thoracic stripes. Body length
3 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except orbital plates.
Face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle obtuse.
Square black spot centrally on face at mouth rim.
Diffuse brown mark on frons. Ocellar plate dark.
Antennal segments 1 and 2 black, 3 yellow with
hairs on arista medium short. Palps dark.
Labellum with reduced number of canals not
counted. Thorax bright orange with 2 stripes on
pleurae, 4 stripes on dorsum, the outer pair very
short, less than half-way to suture, inner pair

196

faint, terminating at anterior dorso-central bris-
tle. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Halteres pale. All bris-
tles strong. Scutellum pale with 2 black spots
continued underneath. Wings slightly smoky with
veins yellow. Legs pale yellow. Femur 1 with 5
bristles dorsally, 4 posteriorly, and 6 postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 sturdy short spines ant-
ero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with 6 proclinate hairs apically antero-
ventrally. Tibia 3 with dark mark at base.
Abdomen with narrow triangular marks and dark
lateral borders present on last 3 segments. Central
dark marks also on last 2 segments. Sternites with-
out dark borders. Hairing on sternites short, deli-
cate, except laterally where hairs are longer.

Male genitalia (Fig. 4B). Epandrial black spot
long oval. Clasper yellow with fine point dorsally,
curved to form short hook ventrally (Fig. 4Ba).
Hypandrium almost flat anteriorly (Fig. 4Bc).
Aedeagus with bilobed tip and containing straight
rods (Fig. 4Bb).

Ho.otypPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xii.1982 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia cornuta sp. n.

Small yellow fly with striped thorax. Body length
2.5 mm.

Head yellow. Face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Square black spot on face. Brown mark on
frons short distance from anterior edge. Palps
dark. Labellum with 6 wide pseudo-tracheal
canals on each half. Ocellar plate dark. Antennal
segments | and 2 black, 3 yellow with aristal hairs
of medium length. Thorax with 2 stripes across
pleurae, 4 stripes on dorsum - outer pair dark and
distinct as far as half-way to suture, inner pair
becoming faint at same level as outer but con-
tinuing to apex of scutellum. Scutellum with 2
black spots at tip. Pre-scutellars short - reaching
only half-way to scutellum apex. Acrosticals in 6
rows. All bristles rather delicate. Wings hyaline,
veins yellow. Legs pale yellow; femur 1 with 5
bristles on row curving from postero-dorsally at
base to dorsally at apex, 4 bristles posteriorly, 6
postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 4 short strong
spines antero-ventrally and 1 bristle posteriorly at
apex; femur 3 with 3 proclinate hairs apically ant-
ero-ventrally. Tibia 3 with dark mark at base.
Abdomen yellow. Last 3 segments with dark
central lines flanked by laterally placed triangular
marks as well as spots on lateral borders. No
marks ventrally.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot elongate
rectangular. Clasper with curved edge between
two tooth-like sclerotised points (Fig. 4Cb).

E. C. BROADHEAD

Aedeagus containing rods which fan out when
aedeagal sac is extended (Fig. 4Ca), 2 short and
very sturdy rods curved at base of aedeagus (Fig.
4Cc). Hypandrium with anterior emargination
(Fig. 4Cd).

Ho.otyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
11.1983, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPES. 3 ©’, same data but x.1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia curvata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.25 mm.

Head yellow with marks only on rim of labrum
and below eye on cheek. Not shining except orbi-
tal and ocellar plates. Ocellar plate dark yellow.
Eyes green. All antennal segments yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Palps
yellow. Labellum with wide pseudo-tracheal
canals not counted. Thorax orange-yellow with
three indefinite stripes, the outer pair short and
reaching as far as suture. Acrosticals in 8 rows.
Prescutellar bristles reaching just over half-way to
apex of scutellum. Two black spots at tip of
scutellum. Wings slightly smoky, veins yellow,
cross-veins darkened. Legs yellow, femora more
orange-yellow; femur 1 with 5 bristles on row
curving from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally
at apex, 4 short slightly curled bristles posteriorly,
5 long bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 5
short sturdy spines antero-ventrally, 1 hooked
bristle postero-dorsally at apex, as well as the
usual pre-apical; femur 3 with 6 slender proclinate
hairs apically antero-ventrally. Abdomen with
first three segments paler than rest. Anterior third
of each segment bristleless, posterior two-thirds
with irregular bristling, giving a banded
appearance. Tergites with distinct posterior rims
but not darkened.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper small, sturdy, with sclerotised hooked tip
(Fig. 9E). Hypandrium with 3 processes, central
one short, rounded, the outer pair long, curving
outwards (Fig. 9K). Aedeagus broad, blunt at tip
and containing rods.

HototyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
ii.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia effossa sp. n.
Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head not shining except ocellar and orbital plates.
Dark mark on labrum parallel to mouth rim. No
marks on face or frons. Face profile almost flat.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Palps yellow.
Labellum heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 197

canals on each side. Antenna all yellow with aris-
tal hairs short. Thorax with one faint central
stripe, narrow and dark, and an outer pair indeter-
minate. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Scutellum with 2
spots at tip. Pre-scutellars reaching almost to tip of
scutellum. Scutellum pale. Wings slightly smoky,
veins yellow, cross-veins not marked. Halteres
yellow. Legs yellow. Femur 1 with 7 bristles on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 6 posterior bristles, 6 long bristles
postero-ventrally; femur 2 with twisted row of 6
short stout spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 8 long proclinate hairs
antero-ventrally apically. Abdomen with narrow
dark posterior rims on tergites. No other marks
except on genital segments. Ring sclerite distinct
(Fig. 7Mc).

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot narrow
both anteriorly and posteriorly, broader in centre.
Claspers, when viewed in natural position, pre-
senting a scalloped edge (Fig. 7Mb). Hypandrium
with 4 processes, the inner pair shorter than outer.
Aedeagus (Fig. 7Md) containing sclerotised rods.

Hototyere. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap, (BMNH).
PARATYPES. 9 ©, same data but
(BMNH).

i.-1v. 1983

Poecilominettia enormis sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head as wide as thorax. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Face profile slightly convex. Face not
shining except ocellar and orbital plates. Frons
darker than face. Antennal segments all yellow.
Aristal hairs short. Eyes red shot green. Palps
yellow. Labellum elongated, pointed heart-
shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
side. Thorax orange-yellow without marks. Acro-
sticals in 8 regular rows. Prescutellar bristles
reaching to tip of scutellum. Scutellum paler with
two black spots at apex. Halteres yellow. Wings
very slightly smoky with cross-veins darkened.
Legs yellow; femur | with 6 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 7
bristles posteriorly and 7 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 7 upstanding short stout
spines irregularly arranged on apical half antero-
ventrally and | posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with 5 strong proclinate bristles apically antero-
ventrally. All bristles strong. Abdomen yellow,
with fine dark borders posteriorly on tergites.
Ventrally paler.

Male genitalia large and distinctive. Epandrial
black spot oval (Fig. 6Fa). Clasper strong with
sclerotised toothed area dorsally (Fig. 6Fd) and

sclerotised rim ventrally (Fig. 6Eb). Aedeagus
delicate, containing 2 small curved spines (Fig.
6Ec). Hypandrium with two broad flattened pro-
cesses that fan out and are clearly visible without
dissection (Figs 6Ea, Fb).

Ho.otyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xl1.1982, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPES. 3 CO, same data but xi.1982, i.1983.

Poecilominettia epacra sp. n.

Yellow fly with striped thorax. Body length 3.25
mm.

Head with face profile slightly convex. Fronto-
facial angle obtuse. Face yellow with greyish dust-
ing, central almost square black spot, thin dark
mark at mouth rim below eye. Frons dusted grey
with brown central line. Ocellar plate dark yellow.
Antennal segments | and 2 black, 3rd yellow with
aristal hairs medium length. Palps dark at base.
Labellum with 8 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
half. Thorax with 2 stripes on pleurae and 4 on
dorsum, the outer pair less than half way to
suture, inner pair fainter and terminating after
suture. Scutellum pale with 2 black spots at apex.
Prescutellars reaching to just over half-way to
apex of scutellum. Acrosticals in 6 irregular rows.
All bristles strong. Wings yellowish, veins yellow.
Legs pale yellow; femur | with 5 bristles postero-
dorsally, 5 bristles posteriorly, 7 postero-ven-
trally; femur 2 with 6 short stout spines antero-
ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with 5 proclinate hairs at apex antero-ventrally.
Tibia 3 with dark spot at base. Abdomen with thin
black central line flanked by narrow, laterally
placed triangular markings and with ventral edges
of last 3 tergites darkened. Sternites without dark
borders.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot long oval.
Clasper with 2 sharp tips, one long and narrow,
the other short (Fig. 4Aa). Hypandrium with 2
pointed processes (Fig 4Ac). Aedeagus pointed at
tip and containing a pair of notched rods (Fig.
4Ab).

Ho.ortyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
111.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia erymna sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Eyes green. No mark on frons or face
except brownish spot below eye and slightly
darkened mouth rim. Fronto-facial angle obtuse.

198

Face profile almost flat. Palps yellow. Ocellar
plate yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with 9
pseudo-tracheal canals on each side. Antenna all
yellow with aristal hairs short. Thorax not striped.
Acrosticals in 8 rows. Prescutellars reaching
beyond half-way to apex of scutellum. Scutellum
only slightly paler than thorax, with a slight inden-
tation on either side between scutellar bristles and
apex. Two black spots at apex of scutellum con-
tinued underneath. Wings faintly yellow,
unmarked. Legs yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 8 long bristles posteriorly, 5 long
bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 4 short
stout spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bris-
tle at apex; femur 3 with 4 proclinate hairs antero-
ventrally apically. Abdomen with thin dark pos-
terior rim on tergites. Anterior half of segments
clearly without bristles, posterior half with bris-
tles, giving a banded appearance. Ventrally
chalky with pale yellow sternites.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper not curved (Fig. 9H).
Hypandrium with 4 processes, the inner pair
short, the outer pair longer and curved inwards
(Fig. 101). Aedeagus broad, blunt at tip and con-
taining sturdy sclerotised rods.

Ho otyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x1.1982, light-trap(BMNH).

PARATYPES. 2 O', same data but xii.1982, iii.1983
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia falcata sp. n.

Yellow fly with striped thorax. Body length 3.5
mm.

Head yellow with face profile flat and face slightly
hollowed on either side. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Square black spot on face, mouth rim
darkened. Broad black central line on frons. Ocel-
lar plate dark. Palps black. Antennal segments 1
and 2 black, 3 yellow with aristal hairs medium
long. Labellum with reduced number of pseudo-
tracheal canals not counted. Thorax with 2 stripes
on pleurae, 4 stripes on dorsum, the outer darker
before suture, the inner pair fading at 2nd dorso-
central bristle. Scutellum with 2 large black tri-
angular spots. Acrosticals in 6-8 irregular rows.
Prescutellars reaching only half-way to apex of
scutellum. Wings slightly yellow with very distinct
yellow veins. Halteres pale. Legs paler yellow.
Femur 1 with 6 bristles antero-ventrally, 6
postero-ventrally, 6 on row curving from postero-
dorsally at base to dorsally at apex; femur 2 with 6
short stout spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 6 hairs antero-ven-

E. C. BROADHEAD

trally apically. Abdomen with striking black
markings dorsally: central longitudinal line with
long narrow triangular marks laterally which are
continued round to ventral edge. Last 2 ventral
sternites with dark borders.

Male genitalia with very heavily sclerotised
scythe-shaped claspers which bear long spines on
inner face and a hook basally (Fig. 3F). Epandrial
black spot long and narrow. Hypandrium with one
central process spanner-shaped and single short
spine near lateral edge (Fig. 3G). Aedeagus con-
taining sclerotised rods.

Ho.otyere. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia fimbriata sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.75 mm

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Ocellar plate yellow. No marks on frons
or face except dull brown area below eye. Anten-
nal segments all yellow. Aristal hairs short. Palps
yellow, labellum slightly pointed, pseudo-tracheal
canals reduced in number, not counted. Thorax
yellow, not striped. Acrosticals in 8 rows.
Scutellum with 2 black spots at tip mainly under-
neath. Wings faintly yellowed with cross-veins
only slightly darkened. Halteres yellow. Legs
clear yellow. Femur 1| with 5 long bristles postero-
ventrally, 6 bristles on row curving from postero-
dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 5 posteriorly;
femur 2 with 4 short stout spines antero-ventrally
and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 4
proclinate hairs apically postero-ventrally.
Abdomen without marks except on genital seg-
ments. Posterior rims of tergites pale.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper small, delicate, with curved tip (Fig. 7G).
Aedeagus sac-like, containing very delicate struc-
tures (Fig. 7H). Hypandrium with 3 processes, the
central one longer than others (Fig. 7K).

Ho.otyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia flavescens sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head dark yellow. Face profile slightly convex.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Eyes green. Palps
yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with 9 pseudo-tra-
cheal canals on each half. No mark on frons. Face
with brown mark at mouth rim below eyes.
Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal hairs short.
Ocellar plate yellow. Thorax with 3 narrow

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 199

brownish stripes, the central one reaching as far as
scutellum. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Scutellum with 2
spots. Prescutellars reaching almost to apex of
scutellum. All bristles strong. Scutellum slightly
paler. Wings faintly yellowed, veins yellow, cross-
veins slightly darkened. Halteres yellow. Legs
yellow, femora strong yellow. Femur 1 with 6
bristles on row curving from postero-dorsally at
base to dorsally at apex, 6 posteriorly and 6 long
bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 6 short
sturdy spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 3 long proclinate hairs
antero-ventrally at apex. Abdomen without
central marks on tergites. Posterior rims orange-
yellow. Segments with anterior half bristleless,
posterior half very regularly bristled.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot squarish.
Clasper as in Fig. 10B. Hypandrium (Fig. 81) with
3 processes, the central one short, the outer pair
with 2 bristles on outer face. Aedeagus small,
blunt at tip and containing non-sclerotised rods.

HovotyPe. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
iv.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. Panama: | CO’, same data as holotype;
1 o’, Gatun, canopy fogging; 1 O’, Panama City,
end of the Panama Canal, vii.1979, canopy fog-
ging (BMNH).

Poecilominettia foliacea sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.25 mm

Head yellow, not shining. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Face profile flat. Ocellar plate yellow. No
marks on face or frons. Palps yellow. Labellum
heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on
each half. Eyes green. Antennal segments all
yellow, 3rd segment slightly oval. Arista with
hairs short. Thorax orange-yellow without stripes.
Acrosticals in 6-8 irregular rows. Two spots at
apex of scutellum continued underneath. Pre-
scutellars reaching beyond half-way to tip of
scutellum. Wings slightly darkened with cross-
veins very dark. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow;
femur 1 with 8 bristles on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 4
bristles posteriorly, 5 long bristles postero-ven-
trally; femur 2 with 6 short stout spines antero-
ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with 4 proclinate hairs antero-ventrally.
Abdomen paler than thorax, dingy yellow. No
marks on tergites except one faint central line on
pregenital segment. Posterior rims of segments
pale. Anterior half of each tergite without bristles,
posterior half with bristles.

Male genitalia. Epandrium with almost square
black spot. Clasper delicate, fanning out from

base, with distal edges curled over (Fig. 11D).
Hypandrium with 2 processes bearing 2 spines
(Fig. 11C). Aedeagus curved, slightly pointed,
containing very delicate rods.

HototyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x. 1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 2 O', same data but ix.1982, iii.1983
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia folleata sp. n.
Small orange-yellow fly. Body length 3.5 mm.

Head orange-yellow with fronto-facial angle very
obtuse. Face profile convex. No marks on face,
labrum or cheek. Eyes red. Palps yellow.
Labellum slightly elongated, with 10 pseudo-tra-
cheal canals on each side. Antennal segments all
yellow. Aristal hairs short. Thorax orange-yellow
with one central paler stripe. Halteres yellow.
Acrosticals in 8 rows. Prescutellar bristles reach-
ing almost to apex of scutellum. Scutellum with
two black spots continued underneath. Wings
faintly smoky with veins yellow and cross-veins
slightly darkened. Legs paler yellow. Femur 1
with 6 bristles on row curving from postero-dor-
sally at base to dorsally at apex, 7 irregular bristles
posteriorly, and 7 long slender bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 4 fairly long spines on row
curving from anteriorly to antero-ventrally, and 1
posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 7 proclinate
hairs on apical half antero-ventrally. Abdomen
considerably paler. Banding effect produced dor-
sally by clear-cut division of tergites into anterior
paler half which is bristle-less, and posterior half
which bears bristles.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot approx-
imately square. Clasper lying in one plane, with-
out sclerotisation at tip (Fig. 12A). Hypandrium
with three processes, central one 3 times longer
than outer pair (Fig. 12C). Aedeagus broad, blunt
at tip and containing delicate non-sclerotised rods
with backwardly pointing curved hooks.

Ho otype. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xi.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 5 ©’, same data but xii. 1982, i-iii. 1983
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia fornicata sp. n.
Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4.75 mm.

Head orange-yellow, not shining except ocellar
and orbital plates. Brown marks on labrum at
mouth edge and below eye. Anterior border of
frons darkened. Ocellar plate darkened. All
antennal segments yellow, segment 3 slightly

200

elongated (about twice as long as wide). Palps
yellow. Labellum heart-shaped, with 11 pseudo-
tracheal canals on each half. Thorax bright
orange-yellow without stripes. Acrosticals in 8
rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching almost to tip
of scutellum. Scutellum not paler, with black api-
cal spots mainly on dorsal surface. All bristles
strong. Halteres yellow. Wings smoky yellow with
cross-veins strongly darkened. Legs yellow.
Femur 1 with 8 bristles on row curved from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 7
unusually long bristles posteriorly, and 4 long bris-
tles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 4 sturdy spines
antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with the proclinate hairs present for entire
length antero-ventrally. Abdomen slightly paler
than thorax. Central marks on 2 pregenital seg-
ments. Rims of tergites not darkened posteriorly,
but banded appearance evident with anterior
third of tergites bristleless and remainder bristled.
Ventrally paler with sternites yellow and well
bristled.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot octagonal.
Clasper domed (Fig. 7C) with sclerotised tooth
half way down. Hypandrium with 2 fairly long
processes directed sideways. Aedeagus rounded
at tip and containing rods (Fig. 7F).

Ho.otyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPE. | O’', same data (BMNH).

Poecilominettia fortunae sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.25 mm.

Head yellow with square black spot on face at
mouth rim. Face profile flat (Fig. 1A). Fronto-
facial angle obtuse. Labrum projecting slightly.
Antenna entirely yellow with segment 3 slightly
oval. Aristal hairs short. Palps yellow. Ocellar
plate dark yellow. Labellum slightly elongated.
Pseudo-tracheal canals reduced in number, not
counted. Thorax more orange-yellow without
stripes. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutellars reach-
ing half-way to apex of scutellum. No marks on
scutellum. Wings yellowish without markings,
veins light yellow. Halteres pale yellow. Legs very
pale yellow; femur 1 with 6 long strong bristles on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 5 smaller bristles posteriorly and 4
strong antero-ventrally; femur 2 with 4 short
spines anteriorly towards apex and 1 posterior
bristle apically; femur 3 with 5 graduated hairs
apically antero-ventrally. Abdomen paler yellow
with distinct black posterior bands on tergites, and
single central black spots on segments 4, 5 and 6

E. C. BROADHEAD

progressively darker. Abdominal bristles
delicate.

Male not known.

Hototyee. 9, Panama: Fortuna, iii.1977, light-
trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia fumida sp. n.

Dark yellow fly with heavily marked wings (Fig.
1B). Body length 4.25 mm.

Head dark yellow dusted grey. Facial profile flat.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Antennal segments all
darkish yellow, 3rd segment slightly oval and aris-
tal hairs short. Palps dark yellow. Labellum some-
what pointed, with 8 pseudo-tracheal canals on
each half. Black spot centrally on face at mouth
rim. Ocellar plate dark. Orbital bristles arise from
small swellings. Thorax grey dusted over dark
yellowish ground with 4 longitudinal stripes, the
central patr reaching as far as scutellum, the outer
pair as far as suture. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Pre-
scutellar bristles reaching almost as far as apex of
scutellum which has two black spots apically and
narrow dark border. Wings smoky yellow with
dark pattern on costal region and over cross-veins
(Fig. 1B). Halteres almost white. Legs dark
yellow. Femur 1 with irregular row of 7 bristles
dorsally, 3 posteriorly and 7 long postero-ven-
trally; femur 2 with 5 irregular, stubby spines ant-
ero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with 6 fine hair-like bristles apically ant-
ero-ventrally. Abdomen yellowish with dark pos-
terior borders on each tergite which are continued
along lateral edges and central longitudinal dark
line. Abdominal sternites with dark lateral bor-
ders. Last segment ventrally strongly sclerotised,
triangular, forming a rigid structure.
Male not known.

Hotortyre. 9, Panama: Fortuna, viii.1977, light-
trap (BMNH).
ParaTyPE. | 2, same data.

Poecilominettia fungivora sp. n.

Yellow fly with striped thorax. Body length 4.5
mm.

Head yellow with face profile slightly convex in
centre. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Square black
spot on face, dark mark at mouth rim and also
below eye on cheek. Frons with thin dark line.
Ocellar plate dark. Palps yellow. Antennal seg-
ment | yellow, 2 black, 3 yellow. Hairing on arista
long. Thorax yellow with 4 dark stripes — inner
pair black as far as suture, then fading, outer pair

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 201

fading less than half-way to suture apex. Pre-
scutellars reaching to scutellar apex. All thoracic
bristles strong. Wings clear light yellow, cross-
veins dark. The 2 scutellar black spots large.
Acrosticals in 8 irregular rows. Legs pale yellow.
Femur | with 5 bristles posteriorly, 7 in row curv-
ing from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at
apex and 5 long bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2
with 1 strong bristle at apex, 5 sturdy spines ant-
ero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with row of proclinate hair-like bristles
antero-ventrally at apex. Dark mark antero-ven-
trally at base of tibia 3. Abdomen lighter in colour
with no marks except centrally on last 3 tergites.
Posterior rims of tergites pale. Sternites pale with
sparse hairing.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3D). Epandrial black spot
elongate and narrow anteriorly. Hypandrium with
2 hook-tipped processes, clasper small (Fig. 3Db).
Aedeagus broad at tip and containing large scle-
rotised rods (Fig. 3Da).

Female similar to male.

Ho ortyPes. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).
ParRATYPES. 29, same data but ii.1983.

Poecilominettia gatuna sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.5 mm.

Head entirely yellow without marks. Fronto-fac-
ial angle almost 180°. Eyes red. Palps yellow.
Labellum with pseudo-tracheal canals few but not
counted. Antennal segments all yellow. Arista
with very short hairs. Thorax entirely yellow.
Acrosticals in 6 rows. No marks on scutellum.
Prescutellars damaged. Wings clear with veins
yellow. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow; femur 1
with 6 bristles on row curved from postero-dor-
sally at base to dorsally at apex, 5 posteriorly and 5
longer bristles postero-ventrally (other legs
damaged). Abdomen entirely yellow.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper small, oval, with projecting tooth (Fig.
13C). Hypandrium damaged, but apparently simi-
lar to that of M.sentosa, only without the 2 central
processes (Fig. 6Cc). Aedeagus containing long
sclerotised toothed rods (Fig. 13B).

Hotoryre. ©’, Panama: Gatun end of the Panama
Canal, vii.1979, fogging high canopy (BMNH).

Poecilominettia lagenata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. No marks apart from brownish patch

below eye and darkened rim of labrum. Fronto-
facial angle obtuse. Antennal segments all yellow.
Aristal hairs short. Palps yellow. Eyes greenish.
Labellum slightly elongate heart-shaped, fairly
large with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on each half.
Thorax orange-yellow, unstriped. Acrosticals in 8
rows. Prescutellars reaching more than half-way
to apex of scutellum. Scutellum pale with two
black spots at apex mainly underneath. Halteres
yellow. Wings faintly smoky, veins yellow, cross-
veins not marked. Legs yellow; femur 1| with 8
bristles on row curved from postero-dorsally at
base to dorsally at apex, 6 bristles posteriorly and
5 long bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 5
sturdy irregular short spines anteriorly and 1 pos-
terior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 7 proclinate
hairs antero-ventrally. All bristles strong.
Abdomen yellow, slightly and progressively
darker towards tip. Tergites with fine darkened
posterior bands. Ring sclerite narrow, complete.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot narrow
anteriorly, swelling out behind. Clasper broad
without protuberances or spines (Fig. 10D).
Hypandrium with 2 notched processes and inden-
tation between (Fig. 10Da). Aedeagus broad,
containing several sclerotised rods (similar to Fig.
9Ga).

Ho.otyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
ii. 1983, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPES. 20", same data.

Poecilominettia legnota sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 3.5 mm.

Head orange-yellow, not shining except ocellar
and orbital plates. Face profile flat. Fronto-facial
angle obtuse. Eyes green. Brownish mark below
eye on cheek and on rim of labrum. Anterior
border of frons darkened. Antennal segments all
yellow. Aristal hairs short. Palps yellow.
Labellum almost rounded, heart-shaped, with 8
pseudo-tracheal canals on each side. Thorax
almost orange, unstriped, with acrosticals in 8
rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching almost to tip
of scutellum. Scutellum with the two black apical
spots mainly beneath. Halteres pale yellow.
Wings slightly smoky, veins yellow with cross-
veins darkened. Legs: femora orange, rest yellow;
femur 1 with 7 bristles on row curved from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 6
posteriorly and 6 long bristles postero-ventrally;
femur 2 with 5 upstanding short sturdy spines
anteriorly and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with row of 7 long proclinate hairs antero-ven-
trally at apex. Abdomen orange-yellow dorsally,
paler ventrally. Borders of tergites not darkened

202

or marked. Anterior half of each tergite bristle-
less, posterior half with bristles, giving a banded
appearance.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot approx-
imately square. Clasper short, strong, with broad
sclerotised border (Fig. 6Ab). Hypandrium with
two delicate processes. Aedeagus forming a loose
sac containing rods (Fig. 6Ac).

Ho.otyPe. CO’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 9C', same data but x.-xi.1982, i.,
11.1983 (BMNH).

Material excluded from type series. Panama:
Barro Colorado Island, vii., xii.1983, light-trap
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia lineolata sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 3.5 mm.

Head yellow with no marks on face. Central
brown mark on labrum. Ocellar plate darkened.
Face profile slightly convex. Frons with central
yellow line and darker line on either side. Palps
yellow. Antenna all yellow with aristal hairs short.
Labellum with pseudo-tracheal canals _ not
counted. Thorax yellow with 4 brownish stripes
not reaching beyond second dorso-central bristle.
Acrosticals in 8 irregular rows. No spots on
scutellum. Prescutellars short, reaching half-way
to scutellum apex. All bristles strong. Wings
faintly yellowish. Halteres very pale. Legs very
pale; femur 1 with 6—7 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 7
posteriorly, 4 long bristles postero-ventrally;
femur 2 with 4 short spines antero-ventrally and 1
posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with row of
proclinate hairs apically postero-ventrally.
Abdomen paler than thorax, without markings.
Male genitalia not darkly sclerotised (Fig. 5C).
Epandrial black spot rectangular (Fig. 5Ca).
Clasper curved, sturdy (Fig. 5Cb). Hypandrium
with 2 delicate processes well separated.
Aedeagus broad and flat at tip and containing 1
large spine and rows of minute spines (Fig. 5Cc).

Ho.ortyPe. OC’, Panama: Fortuna, iii.1979, light-
trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia maniculata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head with face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Face with thin darkened rim to mouth
edge and brown mark below eye. Ocellar plate
darkened. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal
hairs very short. Palps yellow. Labellum with 10

E. C. BROADHEAD

pseudo-tracheal canals on each half. Thorax with
2 thin brown stripes along dorso-central row.
Acrosticals in 8 rows. Scutellum not pale, with 2
black spots at tip and beneath. Prescutellars
reaching nearly to tip of scutellum. Wings faintly
yellow, veins yellow, cross-veins barely darkened.
Halteres yellow. All bristles strong. Legs yellow.
Femur 1 with 9 bristles on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 7
shorter bristles posteriorly, 6 long bristles antero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 short stout spines antero-
ventrally; femur 3 with 4 proclinate hairs apically
antero-ventrally. Abdomen not paler than thorax.
Tergites with dark posterior rims.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square with rounded anterior edge. Clasper
curved with sclerotised edge, giving a somewhat
mitten-like appearance (Fig. 8A). Group of
spines at base (Fig. 8Aa). Aedeagus blunt at tip
and containing long sclerotised rods. Hypandrium
with 2 projections (Fig. 8J).

Ho.otypPe. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
ii. 1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 30°, same data but xii.1982, ii.,
iii. 1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia membranosa sp. n.

Small yellow fly with black stripes. Body length
2.25 mm.

Head yellow with face profile flat. Fronto-facial
angle obtuse. Rectangular black spot on face and
dark central line on frons. Ocellar plate dark.
Antennal segments 1, 2 black, 3 yellow, slightly
longish oval with medium long hairs on arista.
Palps black. Labellum with 6 wide pseudo-tra-
cheal canals on each half. Thorax with 4 black
stripes, the inner pair faint between suture and
scutellum, the outer pair continuing as a border to
mesothorax. 2 black stripes diagonally across
pleurae. Scutellum with 2 black spots at apex con-
tinued below. Scutellum slightly pointed between
the 2 black spots. Wings yellowish, veins yellow.
Acrosticals in 4 irregular rows. Prescutellars
reaching half-way to apex of scutellum. Legs pale
yellow; femur 1 with 5 bristles ventrally, 3 shorter
posteriorly and 6 postero-dorsally; femur 2 with 4
short stout spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle apically; femur 3 with graduated row api-
cally of 4 hairs antero-ventrally. Dark spot basally
on tibia 3. Abdomen yellow with 3 black marks on
each tergite except the first two, composed of a
central line flanked by a triangular mark pointing
laterally. Paler ventrally with very distinct spots
laterally on sternites.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2B). Epandrial black spot

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 203

roughly square. Clasper delicate, large lobe-like
with slightly curved rim. Hypandrium with low
curved area centrally, otherwise flat (Fig. 2D).
Aedeagus broad and blunt at tip and containing
lightly sclerotised rods.

Ho.otyee. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x. 1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 70", same data but ix., x., xi.1982
(BMNH).

Material excluded from type series. Panama:
Barro Colorado Island, x.1982, light-trap; Gatun
end of the Panama Canal, vii.1979, fogging the
high canopy (BMNH).

Poecilominettia nigriapica sp. n.

Yellow fly with marked wings. Body length 4.5
mm.

Head yellow with labrum edge projecting. Face
profile flat, without markings. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Frons with a pair of brown lines, one on
either side of central yellow stripe. Eyes light red.
All antennal segments yellow. Aristal hairs short.
Palps yellow. Pseudo-tracheal canals of labellum
not counted. Thorax orange-yellow on dorsum,
paler laterally. No stripes and no marks on
scutellum. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Prescutellars
damaged. Halteres yellow. Wings dark yellow
with cross-veins clouded, broad dark mark on dis-
tal third of wing over vein 2 which is continuous
with darkened wing tip. Legs yellow. Femur 1
with 6 bristles on row curving from postero-dor-
sally at base to dorsally at apex, 2 posteriorly and 4
postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 5 strong bristles
antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with no distinct proclinate hairs antero-
ventrally, black-tipped distally. Abdomen yellow
with distinct central line dorsally. Paler ventrally
with sternites yellow. Ring sclerite dark.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot triangular
but not strongly blackened. Clasper small, heavily
sclerotised (Fig. SBc). Hypandrium with 2 long
curled processes (Fig. 5Ba). Aedeagus pointed at
tip, with small spines inside (Fig. SBb).

Hovotyee. ©’, Panama: Fortuna, xi.1976, light-
trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia notata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow. Face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Anterior transverse dark band on frons
(Fig. 8F). Mouth rim narrowly darkened and dark
brown area on labrum. Palps yellow. Labellum
heart-shaped with 9 pseudo-tracheal canals on

each half. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Ocellar plate yellow. Thorax orange-
yellow with central pale stripe, flanked by indeter-
minate broad brown stripe. Acrosticals in 8 rows.
Scutellum with 2 spots at apex and beneath. Pre-
scutellars reaching to tip of scutellum. Wings
slightly smoky, veins yellow, cross-veins
darkened. Legs yellow. Femur 1 with 5 bristles on
row curved from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 4 bristles posteriorly and 6 long
bristles postero-ventrally; femur 2 with 7 short
sturdy spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 5 proclinate hairs
apically antero-ventrally. Abdomen paler than
thorax with no marks except on genital segments.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8C). Epandrial black spot
slightly narrower anteriorly, but not pointed.
Clasper broadly blunt at tip (Fig. 8Ca). Group of
spines at clasper base (Fig. 8Cd). Aedeagus broad
with small inwardly directed spines (Fig. 8Cb).
Hypandrium with 2 rounded projections (Fig.
8Cc).

Ho.otyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xi. 1982, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia obtusa sp. n.
Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4.25 mm.

Head orange-yellow. Face unmarked, profile flat,
but hollowed out on either side of mid line.
Fronto-facial angle very obtuse. Frons with
central yellow line and pair of dark lines. Ocellar
plate slightly darkened. Eyes bright red. Antenna
all yellow. 3rd segment slightly elongated (twice
as long as broad). Aristal hairs short. Labellum
with reduced number of pseudo-tracheal canals
not counted. Thorax orange-yellow with 3 faint
narrow stripes. Acrosticals in 8 irregular rows.
Sternites darker. Scutellum finely bordered black,
without spots at apex. Prescutellars missing in
holotype. Wings brownish yellow with darker
band along costa almost as deep as level of vein 3.
All bristles strong. Legs yellow, femora orange-
yellow; femur 1 with 7 bristles posteriorly, 9 on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex and 6 postero-ventrally; femur 2 with
5 short sturdy spines towards apex and | posterior
bristle apically; femur 3 with 6 hairs antero-ven-
trally. Abdomen with darkened posterior borders
on tergites, ventrally pale, sternites without marks
on borders. Ring sclerite brown, incomplete.
Male genitalia (Fig. 1D). Epandrial black spot
elongate, approximately triangular. Clasper with
small hooked tip (Fig. 1Dd). Aedeagus curved,

204

pointed at apex and containing small fine rods
(Fig. 1Dc). Hypandrium with 4 processes, well
sclerotised (Fig. 1Db).

Ho.otypPe. O', Panama: Fortuna, 1.1976, light-
trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia papillata sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.8 mm.

Head yellow, not shining. Face profile flat.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. No mark on face
except for dull brown area below eye. Ocellar
plate yellow. Palps pale yellow, labellum heart-
shaped, with 8 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
half. All antennal segments yellow, 3rd segment
slightly elongate oval. Aristal hairs short. Thorax
more orange-yellow, unstriped. Acrosticals in 6-8
irregular rows. Scutellum with 2 black spots at
apex. Prescutellars reaching almost to tip of
scutellum. Wings yellowish with veins yellow,
cross-veins slightly darkened. Halteres pale
yellow. Legs yellow; femur 1 with 4 long bristles
postero-ventrally, 4 posteriorly and 6 postero-
dorsally; femur 2 with short stout spines antero-
ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with 4 proclinate hairs apically antero-ventrally.
Abdomen without markings, except on genital
segments. Posterior borders of segments yellow.
Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot almost
square. Clasper fanning out from base (Fig. 11A).
Hypandrium with slight swelling at base of the 2
processes (Fig. 11B). Aedeagus narrow at apex,
delicate, containing non-sclerotised threads.

Ho.otyPe. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
11.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia parouatia sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. No marks except at mouth rim on
labrum. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Face profile
flat. Head slightly elongated. All antennal seg-
ments yellow, aristal hairs short. Labellum heart-
shaped with 9 pseudo-tracheal canals on each
side. Palps yellow. Eyes greenish. Thorax strong
orange-yellow, no stripes. Acrosticals in 8 irregu-
lar rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching almost to
tip of scutellum. Scutellum slightly paler with 2
black apical spots mainly beneath. Halteres
yellow. Wings very slightly smoky, veins yellow,
cross-veins darkened. Legs yellow; femur 1 with 8
bristles on row curving from postero-dorsally at
base to dorsally at apex, 6 bristles posteriorly and
6 antero-ventrally; femur 2 with 7 not particularly

E. C. BROADHEAD

short spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bris-
tle at apex; femur 3 with 5 proclinate hairs apically
antero-ventrally. Abdomen paler than thorax.
Tergites with distinct dark posterior borders.
Tergites with anterior half without bristles, pos-
terior half with bristles, giving a banded effect.
Ventral surface pale, sternites yellow. All bristles
strong.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot approx-
imately square. Clasper sturdy, blunt (Fig. 111)
with spines at base (Fig. 11la). Hypandrium with 2
processes which hang downwards (Fig. 11Hb).
Aedeagus elongated with column of small spines
inside (Fig. 11Ha).

Ho otyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 50°, same data but xii.1982, 1.1983
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia pectinata sp. n.
Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. No markings except brownish spot
below eye. All antennal segments yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Palps yellow. Labellum slightly elong-
ated heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals
on each side. Face profile slightly convex. Eyes
green. Thorax orange-yellow, unstriped. Acrosti-
cals in 8-10 irregular rows. Prescutellar bristles
reaching almost to apex of scutellum. Scutellum
paler, especially at tip which is flat between apical
bristles. The 2 black spots at scutellum apex
mainly beneath. Halteres yellow. Wings smoky
with distinct oval clouds over cross-veins which
are darkened. Other veins yellow. Legs yellow,
femora more orange-yellow; femur 1 with 10 bris-
tles on row curving from postero-dorsally at base
to dorsally at apex, 6 smaller and somewhat irreg-
ular bristles posteriorly, 6 long bristles on postero-
ventral row; femur 2 with 6 sturdy short spines
antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex;
femur 3 with 4 proclinate hairs apically antero-
ventrally. All bristles quite strong. Abdomen
same colour as thorax, without markings. Pos-
terior borders of tergites not darkened.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper pointed with sclerotised tip and pro-
tuberance at base with spines (Fig. 9D).
Hypandrium with 2 processes with spine on outer
face (Fig. 9F). Aedeagus delicate, almost bottle-
shaped, no rods or spines within (Fig. 9Fa).

Ho.otyee. O', Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 80, same data but ix.1982, i., ii.1983
(BMNH).

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 205

Poecilominettia pedata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4.5 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Fronto-facial angle very obtuse. Facial
profile flat. Eyes red shot green. Antennal seg-
ments all yellow. Aristal hairs short. No marks
except brown patch below eye and darkened rim
of labrum at mouth edge. Palps yellow. Labellum
heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on
each half. Thorax yellow without stripes. Acrosti-
cals in 8 rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching as far
as apex of scutellum. Scutellum same colour as
thorax except at tip which is paler and pointed
between bristles. The 2 black spots at apex of
scutellum mainly beneath and continuous with
fine lateral black borders. Halteres yellow. Wings
light yellowish smoky, darker along costa. Cross-
veins slightly clouded, clearly marked. Legs
yellow; femur 1 with 7 bristles on row curved from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 6
bristles posteriorly and 7 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 short stout spines ante-
riorly and 1| posterior bristle apically; femur 3 with
5 long, strong, hair-like proclinate bristles antero-
ventrally. Abdomen yellow without any central
marks. Posterior segments with darkened pos-
terior borders. Ventrally paler with sternites
yellow and well bristled.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper rounded with a sclerotised tooth (Fig.
7B). Hypandrium with 2 long dangling processes
(Fig. 7Ad). Aedeagus very characteristically foot-
shaped (Fig. 7Ac), when everted producing sac
containing a curved column of small spines (Fig.
7D).

Hotortyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 50°, same data but ii.,
(BMNH).

Material excluded from type series. Same locality,
X-xil. 1982, i.-1ii., v.1983 (BMNH).

11. 1983

Poecilominettia plicata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except orbital and ocel-
lar plates. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. No marks
except dark mark below eye on cheek and rim of
labrum. Palps yellow. Labellum slightly pointed,
heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on
each side. Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Thorax orange-yellow with 3 thin faint
narrow stripes. Acrosticals in 10 rows. Prescutel-
lar bristles reaching to just over half-way to apex
of scutellum. Scutellum not paler, with 2 black

spots at tip continued beneath. Wings slightly
smoky, veins yellow with cross-veins darkened.
Halteres pale yellow. Legs yellow with femora
more orange-yellow; femur | with 7 long bristles
on row curving from postero-dorsally at base to
dorsally at apex, 3 small bristles posteriorly, 5 long
bristles antero-ventrally; femur 2 with 6 short
sturdy spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 5 long proclinate hairs
apically antero-ventrally. Abdomen almost the
same colour as thorax. Dorsally no central marks
but tergites with distinct dark bands posteriorly.
Yellow ventrally.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper curved with pointed tip, flange basally
(Fig. 11E) and small protuberance with spines at
base (Fig. 11Ea). Hypandrium almost flat ante-
riorly with 3 small rounded processes (Fig. 8H).
Aedeagus broad and blunt at tip and containing
non-sclerotised straight rods with pointed
extremities.

Ho.otyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
ii. 1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 60’, same data but xii.1982, i., iii.,
iv.1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia pygmaea sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.5 mm.

Head yellow with central black spot on face. Face
profile flat. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Palps
yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with 8 pseudo-tra-
cheal canals on each half. Eyes red shot green.
Antennae all yellow. Aristal hairs short. Thorax
orange-yellow. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutel-
lars reaching less than half-way to apex of
scutellum. No marks on scutellum. Wings faintly
yellowish, veins yellow. Legs pale yellow. Femur
1 with 5 bristles on row curved postero-dorsally at
base to dorsally at apex, 4 long bristles postero-
ventrally and 5 small bristles posteriorly; femur 2
with 3 fairly strong bristles antero-ventrally and 1
posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 6 proclinate
hairs at apex antero-ventrally. Abdomen paler
than thorax. No marks except on genital seg-
ments. Ventrally very pale.

Male genitalia (Fig. 6B). Epandrial black spot
chevron-shaped. Clasper lobe-like without scle-
rotised tooth (Fig. 6Ba). Hypandrium with two
processes (Fig. 6Bb). Aedeagus containing very
strongly sclerotised sturdy spines (Fig. 6Bc).

Ho.totyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 20°, same data but x.,
(BMNH).

xi. 1982

206
Poecilominettia quadriprojecta sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.75 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. No marks
except brownish mark below eye on cheek and
darkened rim of labrum. Face profile flat. Eyes
green. Palps yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with
9 pseudo-tracheal canals on each side. Antennal
segments yellow. Aristal hairs short. Thorax
orange-yellow, no stripes. Acrosticals in 8 rows.
Prescutellar bristles reaching to apex of scutellum.
Scutellum not paler, with the two black spots
mainly beneath. Halteres yellow. Wings slightly
yellow, veins yellow, cross-veins barely marked.
Legs yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on row
postero-dorsally at base curving to dorsally at
apex, 6 short bristles posteriorly and 4 long bris-
tles antero-ventrally; femur 2 with 6 short stout
spines antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle api-
cally; femur 3 with 4 proclinate hairs apically ant-
ero-ventrally. Abdomen uniformly orange-yellow
with central marks dorsally on last 2 segments.

Male genitalia. Epandrium with black spot
roughly triangular. Clasper sturdy, with blunt tip
(Fig. 8D). Hypandrium with 4 processes (Fig.
8G). Aedeagus rounded at tip and containing scle-
rotised spined rods (Fig. 8E).

HovotyPe. O’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
iii.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 40°, same data but ii., ii.1983
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia remata sp. n.

Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4mm. All bristles
strong.

Head not shining except ocellar and orbital plates.
Face and frons somewhat darkened. Facial profile
flat. Eyes green. No marks except brown patch
below eye and darkened mouth edge of labrum.
Antennal segments all yellow. Aristal hairs short.
Palps yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with 9
pseudo-tracheal canals on each half. Thorax
strong orange-yellow, unstriped. Acrosticals in 8
rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching almost to apex
of scutellum. Scutellum dark orange-yellow with
apex pale centrally. Halteres yellow. Wings
slightly smoky with costal region yellow. Veins
dark, cross-veins darker. Legs orange-yellow;
femur 1 with 7 bristles on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 5
bristles posteriorly and 6 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 sturdy upstanding spines
anteriorly and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3

E. C. BROADHEAD

with 7 long proclinate hairs apically antero-ven-
trally. Abdomen dark yellow, paler ventrally,
sternites broad, well bristled. Posterior rims of
tergites darkened.

Male genitalia very distinctive (Fig. 8M).
Epandrial black spot triangular. Clasper very
large, blade-like (Fig. 8Mc). Hypandrium with 2
long processes which hang down (Fig. 8Md).
Aedeagus delicate, rounded, containing small
spines (Fig. 8Mb).

Ho.LotyPeE. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
11.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

PARATYPES. 90°, same data but x., xi.1982,
i.-iv.1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia semilunata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.5 mm.

Head yellow. Face profile flat. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Face with dark mouth rim. No mark on
frons. Ocellar plate yellow. Palps yellow. Number
of pseudo-tracheal canals on labellum not
counted. All antennal segments yellow. Aristal
hairs short. Thorax not striped. Acrosticals in 8
rows. Scutellum with 2 black spots continued
beneath. Wings faintly yellow with cross-veins
only slightly darker. Halteres yellow. Prescutel-
lars reaching almost to tip of scutellum. Scutellum
pale. Legs yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on row
curving from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally
at apex, 5 posteriorly, 6 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 5 sturdy spines irregularly
antero-ventrally, 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur
3 with 5 proclinate hairs antero-ventrally.
Abdomen paler yellow than thorax with dark pos-
terior bands on tergites. Ring sclerite very thin,
with deep central curve ventrally (Fig. 13Ge).

Male genitalia. No sclerotisation, very delicate.
Epandrium with half-moon-shaped black spot.
Clasper (Fig. 13Gb) small, narrow, delicate, with-
out sclerotisation. Hypandrium with 2 processes
short with curved points (Fig. 7L). Aedeagus
larger than clasper, projecting, almost canoe-
shaped with upper border outlined dark (Fig.
13Gc).

HoLortyrPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
111.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia sentosa sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2.25 mm.

Head yellow with central black spot on face. Face
and frons dull, ocellar and orbital plates shining.
Face profile slightly concave. Fronto-facial angle
obtuse. Palps yellow. Labellum heart-shaped with

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 207

8 pseudo-tracheal canals on each half. Eyes green.
Antenna all yellow with 3rd segment slightly
elongate oval. Aristal hairs short. Thorax orange-
yellow. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutellars reach-
ing less than half-way to apex of scutellum.
Scutellum without spots. All bristles strong.
Wings slightly smoky, veins yellow. Legs pale
yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 4
bristles posteriorly and 4 long bristles postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 3 short bristles on anterior
row and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with
row of 6 proclinate hairs antero-ventrally.
Abdomen paler than thorax with no markings
except on genital segments. Ventrally very pale.

Male genitalia very distinctive. Epandrial black
spot long oval. Clasper with sclerotised tooth
basally. Hypandrium with 2 central processes and
2 outer, the latter bearing a pair of bristles.
Aedeagus containing very sturdy, variously
shaped spines (Fig. 6C).

Female with 1 black mark dorsally and 1 ven-
trally at tip of abdomen. Similar to male.

Ho.otyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
xi.1982, light-trap (BMNH).

PaRATYPES. 70°, 119, same data but xi.1982, i.,
iv. 1983 (BMNH).

Material excluded from type series. Same data, x.,
xii. 1982, iii. 1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia sexiprojecta sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 4 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. No marks except brownish patch below
eye and darkened rim to mouth edge of labrum.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Facial profile slightly
convex. Eyes pale green. All antennal segments
yellow. Aristal hairs short. Palps yellow.
Labellum heart-shaped with 10 pseudo-tracheal
canals on each side. Thorax orange-yellow,
unstriped. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Prescutellar bris-
tles reaching to apex of scutellum. Scutellum not
paler, with 2 black spots at apex. Halteres yellow.
Wings faintly yellow, veins yellow, cross-veins
barely marked. Legs with femora strong yellow,
rest pale; femur | with 7 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 4
posteriorly and 7 long bristles postero-ventrally;
femur 2 with 5 short sturdy spines anteriorly and 1
posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 5 proclinate
hairs apically antero-ventrally. Abdomen yellow
with banding effect due to anterior third of
tergites paler and quite devoid of bristles and pos-
terior section bristled. Posterior borders not

darkened. Ventrally chalky-white with sparse
hairing on sternites.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper with sclerotised tip and group of
spines at base (Fig. 11F). Hypandrium with 6 pro-
cesses, central pair short, next pair longer, outer
pair curved backwards (Fig. 11G). Aedeagus
broad, rounded at tip and containing sclerotised
rods.

HototyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
ii. 1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia silbergliedi sp. n.

Yellow fly with dark stripes on thorax. Body
length 3.75 mm.

Head yellow with face profile slightly convex.
Dark mark at face rim and on cheek below eye.
Eyes red. Frons with thin dark line centrally.
Ocellar plate black. Palps yellow. Antennal seg-
ments all yellow. Aristal hairs long. Thorax with-
out pleural stripes but with 4 dorsal stripes, inner
pair fading after 2nd dorso-central bristle, outer
pair fading before suture. Prescutellars reaching
almost to apex of scutellum. Scutellar spots very
large and even larger beneath. Acrosticals in 6
irregular rows. All bristles strong. Wings hyaline
with only cross-veins slightly clouded, veins dark
yellowish. Legs very pale, bristles black and
strong. Femur 1 with 5 bristles on postero-ventral
row, 3 apically posteriorly and 6 on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex;
femur 2 with 4 sturdy spines anteriorly, 1 posteri-
orly and 1 posterior bristle apically; femur 3 with
row of 8 proclinate hairs antero-ventrally apically.
Tibia 3 with dark mark basally. Abdomen pale
yellow. No dark posterior borders on segments.
Dark marks centrally on last 3 segments.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper large, delicate, covered with tiny
spines (Fig. 2F). Hypandrium with wavy anterior
edge (Fig. 2G). Aedeagus flat-tipped, containing
rods with curled hooks (Fig. 3B).

Ho totyPe. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
vii. 1982, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia silvicola sp. n.
Small yellow fly. Body length 2 mm.

Head yellow without marks. Face profile flat.
Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Palps yellow.
Labellum with pseudo-tracheal canals not
counted. Antenna all yellow, 3rd segment
rounded. Arista bare. Ocellar plate yellow, oval
in shape. Thorax yellow without marks. Acrosti-

208

cals in 6 distinct rows. Prescutellars reaching to
apex of scutellum. No spots on scutellum. Wings
faintly yellowish, veins yellow. Legs pale yellow;
femur 1 with 4-5 bristles on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 5
posteriorly; femur 2 with 5 short spines apically
antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle apically;
femur 3 with row of hairs apically antero-ven-
trally. Abdomen pale yellow without marks
except on genital segments.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot square.
Clasper sturdy with blunt tip (Fig. 6Da).
Hypandrium heavily sclerotised with backward-
pointing spine (Fig. 6Db). Aedeagus indented
anteriorly, containing sclerotised rods (Fig. 6Dc).

HovotyPe. ©’, Panama: Panama City end of Pan-
ama Canal, vii.1979, fogging the high canopy
(BMNH).

PARATYPES. 2 ©’, same data (BMNH).

Poecilominettia spinosa sp. n.

Deep yellow fly with black stripes. Body length 4
mm.

Head yellow with face profile slightly convex in
centre. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Black spot on
face. Black central line on frons. Ocellar plate
black. Eyes bright red. Antennal segments | and 2
black, 3rd yellow, slightly elongate oval with short
hairs. Labellum somewhat elongated with 11
pseudo-tracheal canals on each half. Thorax with
4 black stripes fainter after last posterior dorso-
central bristle but strong again over scutellum.
Two stripes on pleurae. Black spots at apex of
scutellum. Prescutellars reaching just beyond
half-way to scutellar apex. Acrosticals in 4 inde-
terminate rows. Wings yellowish, veins yellow.
Legs yellow; femur | with 5 bristles antero-ven-
trally, 5 posteriorly, 4 on row curving from
postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex; femur
2 with 2 short spines anteriorly and 1 posterior
bristle at apex; femur 3 with 1 bristle anteriorly
and series of hairs apically antero-ventrally. Tibia
3 with dark mark at base. Abdomen yellow with
very dark, distinct banding posteriorly on tergites
as well as central longitudinal line and laterally
disposed triangular marks. Ventrally very dark
borders on sternites. Ring sclerite black.

Male genitalia large. Epandrium with large,
roughly square black spot. Clasper with crescent-
shaped sclerotised edge equipped with hairs.
Hypandrium with 2 processes pointing inwards.
Aedeagus with very small teeth within sac (Fig.
(©).

E. C. BROADHEAD

Female similar to male but with 2 large
darkened areas bearing spines at tip of abdomen
ventrally.

Ho.otyee. CO’, Panama: Fortuna, xi.1976, light-
trap (BMNH).

Paratypes. 2 9, same data but iv., xi.1976
(BMNH).

Poecilominettia trigona sp. n.

Small yellow fly with black stripes. Body length
2.5 mm.

Head yellow with black square spot on face. Dark
mark centrally on frons as wide as ocellar plate
which is also dark. Antennal segments 1 and 2
black, 3 yellow, slightly elongate oval with aristal
hairs of medium length. Palps black. Labellum
with pseudo-tracheal canals not counted. Thorax
with 4 stripes dorsally, inner pair reaching as far as
apex of scutellum, outer pair continuing as a
border to mesothorax. Two stripes on pleurae.
Acrosticals in 4 rows. Prescutellars reaching half-
way to apex of scutellum. Two spots on apex of
scutellum continued beneath. Wings hyaline,
veins yellowish. Legs pale yellow; femur 1 with 4
bristles ventrally, 6 bristles posteriorly and 6 ant-
ero-dorsally; femur 2 with 4 short sturdy spines
antero-ventrally and 1 posterior bristle apically;
femur 3 with series of 6 proclinate hairs towards
apex antero-ventrally. Dark mark at base of tibia
3. Abdomen with longitudinal central stripe
flanked by triangular marks whose apices point
laterally, on each tergite. Ground colour of
abdomen much paler than rest of body. Sternites
ventrally very pale.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper broad, delicate, bearing strap-
like extension at tip (Fig. 2A). Hypandrium not
produced into processes but with anterior edge
wavy (Fig. 2C). Aedeagus broad with blunt deli-
cate wavy tip and containing stout rods which bear
large broad-based spines.

Female similar to male but with 2 black spots at
tip of abdomen dorsally.

Hovotyre. ©’, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
x.1982, light-trap (BMNH).
Paratype. 1 9, same data (BMNH).

Poecilominettia uncata sp. n.
Yellow fly. Body length 3.25 mm.

Head yellow, not shining except ocellar and orbi-
tal plates. Ocellar plate dark yellow. Fronto-facial
angle obtuse. Face profile very slightly convex.
Eyes red. Palps dark yellow. Antennal segments

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 209

all yellow. Aristal hairs short. Labellum slightly
pointed with pseudo-tracheal canals not counted.
Thorax orange-yellow without stripes. Acrosticals
in 8 rows. Prescutellar bristles reaching just over
half-way to apex of scutellum. Two black spots at
tip of scutellum mainly beneath. Halteres yellow.
Wings yellowish, cross-veins not marked. Legs
yellow; femur 1 with 6 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 3
bristles posteriorly and 7 postero-ventrally; femur
2 with 4 short sturdy spines antero-ventrally and 1
posterior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 5 proclinate
hairs antero-ventrally. Abdomen orange-yellow.
Bristles irregular on tergites. Posterior borders of
segments orange-yellow.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper rounded, small, with sclerotised
hooked tip (Fig. 9B). Hypandrium with 2 curved
processes (Fig. 9Ab). Aedeagus large with blunt
tip and containing sclerotised rods (Fig. 9Aa).

HototyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
1.1983, light-trap (BMNH).

Poecilominettia ungulata sp. n.

Dull yellow fly with grey dusting. Body length 4.5
mm.

Head with fronto-facial angle obtuse. Face with 2
spots connected by V-shaped mark and thin dark
line around eye margin. Frons dull yellow, grey-
dusted, with 2 dark lines running from antennal
bases. Palps yellow. Labellum slightly elongated
with 10 pseudo-tracheal canals on each half.
Antennal segments all yellow with short hairs on
arista. Ocellar plate almost round and dark.
Thorax with 2 faint, incomplete brownish stripes
on yellowish longitudinal central band. Acrosti-
cals in 8-10 irregular rows. Scutellum without api-
cal spots. Prescutellars extending to just over half-
way to tip of scutellum. Thoracic segments out-
lined finely. Wings yellowish, more strongly so
along costal region. Legs pale greyish yellow;
femur 1 with 4 bristles antero-ventrally, 3 posteri-
orly and 6 postero-dorsally; femur 2 with 4 short
stout spines antero-dorsally and 1 posterior bristle
apically; femur 3 with 5 weak hairs apically ant-
ero-ventrally. Abdomen with broad dark pos-
terior bands on tergites and central marks.
Sternites pale with no marks. Ring sclerite
incomplete (Fig. 12F).

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot almost
square. Clasper large, rounded at tip (Fig. 5F).
Hypandrium with 2 processes. Aedeagus with
short central spine.

Female similar to male.

Ho.otyPe. O', Panama: Fortuna, ii.1978, light-
trap (BMNH).
ParATYPE. 1 9, same data (BMNH).

Poecilominettia vibrata sp. n.
Orange-yellow fly. Body length 4.25 mm.

Head yellow with brownish marks below eye and
on labrum. Fronto-facial angle obtuse. Frons and
face not shining except orbital and ocellar plates.
Palps very pale yellow. Labellum slightly elong-
ated heart-shaped with 9 pseudo-tracheal large
canals on each half. Antennal segments all yellow.
Aristal hairs short. Eyes green. Thorax not
striped. Acrosticals in 8 rows. Scutellum not paler
than rest of thorax but with two black spots at
apex. Prescutellar bristles reaching nearly to tip of
scutellum. Wings yellowish, veins yellow, cross-
veins with slight clouds. Halteres yellow. Legs
orange-yellow; femur | with 8 strong bristles on
row curving from postero-dorsally at base to dor-
sally at apex, 5 bristles posteriorly, 6 postero-
ventrally; femur 2 with 6 long fine bristles antero-
ventrally and 1 posterior bristle at apex; femur 3
with 4 proclinate hairs apically antero-ventrally.
Apical bristles on tibia 2 very strong. Abdomen
bright yellow, without marks. Tergites clearly div-
ided into anterior half without bristles and pos-
terior half with bristles. Sternites bright yellow.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot roughly
square. Clasper short, pointed, sclerotised (Fig.
8La). Hypandrium with 3 processes (Fig. 8K).
Aedeagus elongated and when extended, the 2
spines project laterally (Fig. 8L)).

HototyPe. ©, Panama: Barro Colorado Island,
v.1983, light-trap (BMNH).
PARATYPES. 5 ©’, same data but iv.1983 (BMNH).

Poecilominettia virgea sp. n.

Small yellow fly with black stripes on thorax.
Body length 2.5 mm.

Head yellow. Face profile slightly convex with
square black spot. Mouth rim dark. Fronto-facial
angle obtuse. Palps dark. Labellum with wide
pseudo-tracheal canals not counted. Frons with
dark central line. Ocellar plate dark. Antennal
segments 1 and 2 black, 3 yellow with aristal hairs
of medium length. Thorax with two stripes pre-
sent over pleurae, 4 stripes on dorsum, outer pair
extending as far as suture and fading, inner pair
fainter and continuing thus as far as scutellum
over which they are again dark, joining 2 scutellar
spots at apex. Acrosticals in 6 rows. Prescutellars

210

reaching as far as half-way to scutellum tip. Wings
clear pale yellowish with veins yellow. Legs pale
yellow; femur 1 with 10 bristles on row curving
from postero-dorsally at base to dorsally at apex, 5
posteriorly and 4 long bristles postero-ventrally;
femur 2 with 3 bristles antero-ventrally and 1 pos-
terior bristle at apex; femur 3 with 4 proclinate
hairs antero-ventrally. Dark mark on tibia 3
basally. Abdomen with central longitudinal line
flanked by large laterally disposed triangular
marks on last 3 segments.

Male genitalia. Epandrial black spot elongate
rectangular. Clasper with long fine tip (Fig. 4Dc).
Hypandrium with curved indentation anteriorly
(Fig. 4Fa). Aedeagus containing long rods (Fig.
4Fc) and, at aedeagal base, 2 heavily sclerotised
rods as long as aedeagus (Fig. 4Fb).

HovotyPe. 0, Panama: Miramar, xii.1979, light-
trap (BMNH).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Iam most grateful to Dr
W.N. Mathis, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., who
arranged for me to have a long-term loan of a large
collection of Lauxaniidae, and to Dr R. Contreras-
Lichtenberg, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, who
made it possible for me to examine the type specimen of
Poecilominettia grata Wiedemann, and especially to Dr
H. Wolda, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Panama, for sending me a series of samples of flies taken
at his light-traps on Barro Colorado Island, Fortuna and
Miramar. I wish to express my thanks to three members
of the University of Leeds: Dr Peter Evennett for taking
the scanning electron micrographs, Mr Ken Rowe for
assistance with the naming of the new species, and my
husband, Dr Edward Broadhead for reading the manu-

E. C. BROADHEAD

script. The publication of this paper has been made
possible by a grant generously provided by the Natural
Environment Research Council.

REFERENCES

Broadhead, E. 1983. The assessment of faunal diversity and
guild size in tropical forests with particular reference to the
Psocoptera. Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management.
Special Publication of the British Ecological Society no. 2: 107-
119.

Broadhead, E. C. 1984. Adaptations for fungal grazing in laux-
aniid flies. Journal of Natural History 18: 639-649.

Collin, J. E. 1948. A short synopsis of the British Sapromyzidae
(Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of
London 99: 225-242.

Griffiths, G. C. D. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Dip-
tera Cyclorrhapha. Series Entomologica 8.

Hendel, F. 1932. Die Ausbeute der deutschen Chaco-Expedi-
tion 1925-6. Diptera XX XI Lauxaniidae. Konowia 11: 103-110.
Malloch, J. R. 1926. New genera and species of Acalyptrate flies
in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum 68(21): 1-35.

— 1928. Notes on American two-winged flies of the family
Sapromyzidae. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 73(23): 1-18.

Mound, L. 1977. Species diversity and the systematics of some
New World leaf litter Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripinae; Glyp-
tothripini). Systematic Entomology 2: 225-244.

Odum, E. P. 1963. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia.
Shorrocks, B. & Rosewell, J. 1986. Guild size in Drosophilids - a
simulation model. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 527-541.
Steyskal, G. C. 1971. The species related to Minettia obscura
with one new species and one new synonym. Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Washington 73(1): 17-22.
Stuckenberg, B. R. 1971. A review of the Old World genera of
Lauxaniidae (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum, Pieter-
maritzburg 20: 499-610.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA Pita

\

ww ¢$*9
&?

0.25 mm

0.5 mm

Fig. 1 A, profile of head of Poecilominettia fortunae (2); B, wing of P. fumida; C, D, tip of male abdomen of (C) P.
spinosa (posterior view), a = epandrial black spot, b = aedeagus, c = clasper; (D) P. obtusa (lateral view), a = epandrial
black spot, b = processes of hypandrium, c = aedeagus, d = clasper.

212 E. C. BROADHEAD

Fig. 2 A, B, clasper of (A) Poecilominettia trigona; (B) P. membranosa; C, D, hypandrium of (C) P. trigona; (D) P.
membranosa; E, tip of abdomen of male P. picticornis (ventral view), a = clasper, b = aedeagus, c = hypandrium; F,
clasper of male P. silbergliedi; G, hypandrium of P. silbergliedi, anterior margin.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA

Cc

0.5 mm

Fig. 3 A, clasper of Poecilominettia zebroides; B, C, distal half of one aedeagal rod of (B) P. silbergliedi; (C) P.

zebroides; D, tip of male abdomen of P. fungivora, a = aedeagus, b = clasper, c = processes of hypandrium, d =

epandrial black spot; E, hypandrium of P. fungivora; F, lateral view of tip of male abdomen of P. falcata, a = aedeagus,
b = clasper, c = epandrial black spot; G, hypandrium of male P. falcata.

213

214 E. C. BROADHEAD

ww SZ*0

ww S*0

ww ¢Z*0

0.25 mm

Fig. 4 A-D, tip of male abdomen of (A) Poecilominettia epacra (ventral view), a = clasper, b = aedeagus, c =

hypandrium; (B) P. cordata(ventral view), a = clasper, b = aedeagus, c = hypandrium; (C) P. cornuta (dorsal view), a=

aedeagus extended, b = clasper, c = rods at aedeagus base, d = hypandrium; (D) P. virgea, a = epandrial black spot, b =

aedeagus, c = clasper; E, ring sclerite of P. sexiprojecta; F, ventral view of aedeagus and rods of P. virgea, a =
hypandrium, b = sclerotised rods, c = aedeagus.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 215

mur So

Fig. 5 A-D, tip of male abdomen of (A) Homoeominettia woldae (lateral view), a = aedeagus, b = process of

hypandrium, c = clasper; (B) Poecilominettia nigriapica (lateral view), a = process of hypandrium, b = aedeagus, c =

clasper; (C) P. lineolata (ventral view), a = epandrial black spot, b = clasper, c = aedeagus; (D) P. circumtexta (lateral
view), a = epandrial black spot, b = aedeagus, c = clasper; E, F, clasper of (E) P. circularis; (F) P. ungulata.

216 E. C. BROADHEAD

0.15 mm

0.25 mm

Fig. 6 A-F, tip of male abdomen of (A) Poecilominettia legnota (lateral view), a = epandrial black spot, b = clasper, c =

aedeagus and rods; (B) P. pygmaea (ventral view), a = clasper, b = process of hypandrium, c = aedeagus and rods; (C)

P. sentosa (ventral view), a = clasper, b = aedeagus and rods, c = hypandrium; (D) P. silvicola (ventral view), a =

clasper, b = process of hypandrium, c = aedeagus, d = epandrial black spot; (E) P. enormis (ventral view), a= process of

hypandrium, b = clasper, c = aedeagus; (F) P. enormis (dorsal view), a = epandrial black spot, b = process of
hypandrium, c = aedeagus, d = clasper.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA Dirge

ww S0°0

0.25 mm

0.5 mm

Fig. 7 A, tip of male abdomen of Poecilominettia pedata (lateral view), a = epandrial black spot, b = clasper, c =

aedeagus, d = processes of hypandrium; B, C, clasper of (B) P. pedata; (C) P. fornicata; D, extended aedeagus of P.

pedata; E, aedeagus and processes of hypandrium of P. pedata; F, aedeagus and hypandrium of P. fornicata; G,

clasper of P. fimbriata; H, extended aedeagus of P. fimbriata; 1, clasper of P. vibrata; J, aedeagus and processes of

hypandrium of P. vibrata; K, processes of hypandrium of P. fimbriata; L, hypandrium of P. semilunata; M, tip of male
abdomen of P. effossa, a = epandrial black spot, b = clasper, c = ring sclerite, d = aedeagus.

218

E. C. BROADHEAD

1.25 mm re

Fig. 8 A, clasper of Poecilominettia maniculata, a = group of spines; B, aedeagus of P. maniculata; C, P. notata (ventral

view), a = clasper, b = aedeagus, c = hypandrium, d = spines; D, clasper of P. quadriprojecta; E, aedeagus of P.

quadriprojecta; F, head of P. notata; G-K, hypandrium of (G) P. quadriprojecta; (H) P. plicata; (1) P. flavescens; (J) P.

maniculata; (K) P. vibrata; L, M, tip of male abdomen of (L) P. vibrata, a = clasper, b = aedeagus; (M) P. remata, a=
epandrial black spot, b = aedeagus, c = clasper, d = processes of hypandrium (lateral view).

|

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 219

Paes \
Caaf NBN NGS

0.1 mm

Fig. 9 A, aedeagus and hypandrium of Poecilominettia uncata, a = aedeagus, b = hypandrial process; B-E, clasper of

(B) P. uncata; (C) P. calva; (D) P. pectinata, a = protuberance and spines; (E) P. curvata; F, G, hypandrium and

aedeagus of (F) P. pectinata, a = aedeagus, b = hypandrium; (G) P. calva, a = aedeagus, b = process of hypandrium; H,
clasper of P. erymna; 1, J, abdominal sternites of (I) P. calva; (J) P. pectinata; K, hypandrium of P. curvata.

220

E. C. BROADHEAD

0.2 mm

wu S/°O

0.1 mm

Fig. 10 A, B, clasper of (A) Poecilominettia biprojecta, a = protuberance and spines; (B) P. flavescens; C, hypandrium

of P. biprojecta; D, clasper and hypandrium of P. /agenata, a = hypandrium; E, hypandrium of P. flavescens; F, tip of

male abdomen of P. chelata (posterior view), a = epandrial black spot, b = clasper, c = aedeagus; G-I, hypandrium of
(G) P. chelata; (H) P. aurita; (1) P. erymna.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 221

0.05 mm

wu [*9

ww 10°O

wu $Z"0

ww T°O

ee
Fig. 11 A, clasper of Poecilominettia papillata, a = protuberance and spines; B, C, hypandrium of (B) P. papillata; (C)
P. foliacea; D-F, clasper of (D) P. foliacea; (E) P. plicata, a = protuberance and spines; (F) P. sexiprojecta, a = spines;

G, hypandrium of P. sexiprojecta; H, aedeagus and hypandrium of P. parouatia (lateral view), a = aedeagus, b =
processes of hypandrium; I, clasper of P. parouatia, a = spines.

>

22D E. C. BROADHEAD

ww S0*O

O
0

eS a

ww S*0

ww S°0

Fig. 12 A, B, clasper of (A) Poecilominettia folleata; (B) P. acuta;C,D, hypandrium of (C) P. folleata; (D) P. acuta; E,
F, ring sclerite of (E) P. circularis; (F) P. ungulata.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 223

Fig. 13 A, clasper and aedeagus of Poecilominettia aurita, a = clasper, b = aedeagus; B, aedeagus of P. gatuna; C,

clasper of P. gatuna; D, labellum of P. pectinata, a = modified zone, b = pseudo-tracheal canals, c = beak; E, aedeagus

and processes of hypandrium of Floriminettia coronata, a = aedeagus, b = process of hypandrium; F, clasper of F.

coronata; G, tip of male abdomen of Poecilominettia semilunata, a = epandrial black spot, b = claspers, c = aedeagus, d
= hypandrium, e = ringsclerite.

E. C. BROADHEAD

Fig. 14 A, head of Poecilominettia effossa, \abellum fully extended; B, labellum enlarged to show structures on distal
half.

POECILOMINETTIA, HOMOEOMINETTIA & FLORIMINETTIA 225

Fig. 15 Labellum of Poecilominettia effossa in lateral view.

E. C. BROADHEAD

INDEX

acuta 193
approximata 188
assimilis 188
aurita 193

biprojecta 194
breviplumata 191
bruneicosta 188

calva 194
chelata 194
chilensis 192
circularis 195
circumtexta 195
cordata 195
cornuta 196
coronata 189
curvata 196

Deutominettia 186
Drosophila 186

effossa 196
effossa group 192
enormis 197
epacra 197
erymna 197

falcata 198
ficulnea 189
fimbriata 198
flavescens 198
Floriminettia 189
foliacea 199
folleata 199

Invalid names are in italics.

fornicata 199
fortunae 200
fumida 200
fungivora 200
fuscinervis 188

gatuna 201
geniseta 188
grata 192

Homoeominettia 190

lagenata 201
legnota 201
lineolata 202

maniculata 202
membranosa 202
Minettia 186

nemorosa 187
nigriapica 203
notata 203

obscura group 187
obtusa 203
octovittata 191

papillata 204
parouatia 204
pectinata 204
pedata 205
picticornis 186

plicata 205
Poecilominettia 190
Pseudogriphoneura 185
pygmaea 205

quadrata 188
quadriprojecta 206

remata 206
rivosa 187

_ Sapromyza 185

semilunata 206
sentosa 206
sexiprojecta 207
sexiseriata 191
silbergliedi 207
silvicola 207
spinosa 208

tinctinervis 188
trigona 208

uncata 208
ungulata 209
unicolor 192
valida 191
vibrata 209
virgea 209
woldae 190

Xenochaetina 185

zebroides 186

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An illustrated quarterly journal of
Palaearctic Entomology
Volume 41 commences January 1990
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pee as: in Panama.
Elcy C. Broadhead

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ENTOMOLOGY SERIES
Vol. 58, No. 2, October 1989

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